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Chapter 17- Part 3

Chapter 17- Part 3. Digestive functions of: Liver Gallbladder Pancreas. Lesson Outline: Location and structure ( ANATOMY ) Blood supply with all the “stuff” in the blood that is needed to function ( PHYSIOLOGY-organ-level function ) See the micro-structure of the liver ( HISTOLOGY )

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Chapter 17- Part 3

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  1. Chapter 17- Part 3 Digestive functions of: Liver Gallbladder Pancreas

  2. Lesson Outline: • Location and structure (ANATOMY) • Blood supply with all the “stuff” in the blood that is needed to function (PHYSIOLOGY-organ-level function) • See the micro-structure of the liver (HISTOLOGY) • Marvel at the wonder of hepatocytes, or liver cells—are they perhaps the most ‘intelligent” entities on the planet? (CYTOLOGY) The Liver

  3. Perhaps least understood, both popularly and scientifically? • Brainstorm: 30 seconds and three adjectives or phrases. Liver Brainstorm

  4. Easy to percuss because it is solid and large. • Upper right quadrant deep to inferior ribs • Dome of liver lies against inferior diaphragm surface • Left/right lobes • Gall bladder is thin muscular sac on inferior surface where bile collects (#1 above) Locate Your Liver

  5. -Two principal lobes (R & L) separated by falciform ligament -Two accessory lobes ( caudate & quadrate lobes are not true “lobes”) Lobes

  6. Secretes bile- emulsifies fat, makes them water soluble. • Carbohydrate metabolism-glucose/glycogen • Stores glycogen,vitamins A, D, E, K, B12 cholesterol, iron • Makes clotting proteins • Detoxifies blood • Destroys damaged RBC by phagocytosis • Makes lipoproteins, phospholipids, adipose for storage, and cholesterol • Detoxifies drugs and alcohol • Makes urea from aa Multi-function, blood-processing “factory” • Regulates nutrient levels in blood—keep constant supply of sugars, fats, amino acids, nucleotides (including cholesterol) What does it do?

  7. Yellow-green, alkaline (pH 7.6-8.6) • Composed of water, ions, bile acids, organic molecules (including cholesterol, phospholipids, bilirubin) • Bile Salts: Acids and salts thatemulsify (break up) fats for absorption across wall of small intestines. Ions to buffer chyme from stomach. • Bile pigments: Contains waste products from RBC breakdown and other metabolic processing (color of feces from bilirubin in bile) ruby What is bile???

  8. Bili Lights Performed on newborn or premature infants to reduce elevated levels of bilirubin. If blood levels of bilirubin become too high, the bilirubin begins to dissolve in the body tissues, producing the characteristic yellow eyes and skin of jaundice. 

  9. fatty chyme entering duodenum stimulates gallbladder to release bile Regulation of bile Release

  10. 95% of the bile produced by the liver is “recycled”…often 2 or 3 times during the digestion of a single meal

  11. Our body needs cholesterol for: • Cell membranes • Vitamin D • Hormones—progesterone and testosterone • Myelin (neuron axonal “wrapping”) • Component of bile salts • 85% of cholesterol in our blood is made by our own cells (mostly liver) • 15% comes from the food we eat So, is zero-cholesterol good…or even healthy? Cholesterol & the Liver

  12. Many organelles • Rough ER – manufactures blood proteins • Smooth ER – help produce bile salts and detoxifies blood-borne poisons • Peroxisomes – detoxify other poisons, including alcohol • Golgi apparatus – packages • Mitochondria – a lot of energy needed for all this • Glycosomes - role in storing sugar and regulation of blood glucose (sugar) levels • Produce 500-1000 mL bile each day • Secrete into bile ducts • Regeneration capacity through liver stem cells Hepatocytes (liver cells)

  13. triad CV lobule sinusoid Triads: Branches of three vessels: hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, along with bile drainage ducts all run together to infiltrate all parts of liver. Sinusoids: where blood flows and bile is removed. Functional Unit

  14. Triad

  15. Kupffercells • Liver macrophages • Old blood cells and microorganisms removed

  16. Alcohol or drug abuse • Hepatitis • Biliary disease • Metabolic disease (iron or copper) • Vascular outflow obstruction (ascites) Cirrhosis of the Liver

  17. N = liver cells, F = fibrous scar tissue Normal Ascites Vascular obstruction

  18. Lots of WBC Hepatitis

  19. Cancer

  20. Alcohol/Drug Abuse

  21. Bile is stored in the gallbladder • Concentrates bile by removing water • Bile is excreted into the duodenum when needed (fatty meal) • Bile helps dissolve fat and cholesterol Gallbladder

  22. Normally, cholesterol is in bile solution, but it can precipitate with the bile salts • Intermittent pain: ball valve effect causing intermittent obstruction • Or infection and a lot of pain, fever, vomiting, etc. Gall Stones

  23. LUQ behind stomach • releases juice/enzymes into duodenum Pancreas – Exocrine function

  24. Acinar cells make 22 kinds of enzymes • Enzymes released to duodenum, where activated

  25. Pancreatic amylase – polysaccharide into disaccharides Pancreatic lipase – breaks triglycerides into fatty acids Proteases: Example-trypsin. All secreted in inactive forms and then converted with other enzymes to prevent digesting proteins in the cells that secrete them. Nucleases – break nucleic acids into nucleotides Alkaline (bicarbonate ions) to neutralize chyme and provide optimal pHfor enzymes. Pancreatic Juice

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