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Chapter 17 Part 1

Chapter 17 Part 1. Absolutism in Eastern Europe 1600-1740. HOP RAP. In Decline: H RE O ttoman Empire P oland On the Rise: R ussia A ustria P russia. The HRE. In decline due to : The Reformation Religious wars of the 16 th and 17 th Centuries

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Chapter 17 Part 1

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  1. Chapter 17Part 1 Absolutism in Eastern Europe 1600-1740

  2. HOP RAP • In Decline: • HRE • Ottoman Empire • Poland • On the Rise: • Russia • Austria • Prussia

  3. The HRE In decline due to : The Reformation Religious wars of the 16th and 17th Centuries Germany split into 300+ sovereign principalities …Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist

  4. The Ottoman Empire Was built on expansion The Sultan had absolute power After 1560 a decline in Western Expansion meant the disintegration of the Empire… The Sultan could only keep power if the empire expanded because this is how he rewarded loyalty and military service…with conquered territory

  5. The Ottoman Empire Expansion was checked by Russian and Austrian expansion Will soon be called, “The Sick Old Man of Europe” Concern by great powers: Who would fill the gap?

  6. The Ottoman Empire • Suleiman the Magnificent (gone by 1566) • The most powerful man in Europe in the 16th Century • 1529 Suleiman almost conquered Austria • DID capture Serbia • Took almost ½ of Eastern Europe • The Balkans • Part of Hungary • Part of Southern Russia

  7. The Ottoman Empire Talented Christian children from conquered provinces worked in the Ottoman bureaucracy Janissary Corps: Christian slaves (not talented enough for the bureaucracy) served loyally in the Turkish army NOTE: the Ottomans were tolerant re religion and culture and tradition of conquered people Millets: Christian or Jewish communities within the Ottoman Empire were expected to pay taxes, contribute to the army, and keep the peace.

  8. Poland Had once been very powerful BUT was undone by: The Liberum Veto: voting in the Polish Parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made So little was done to strengthen or defend the kingdom

  9. Poland Will be divided up between Russia, Austria, and Prussia in three separate “Partitions of Poland” in the 1770’s and 1790’s Poland will disappear from the map of Europe by 1800 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/466910/Partitions-of-Poland

  10. Absolutism in Eastern Europe Was different than Absolutism in Western Europe Eastern Absolutism: was based on a powerful nobility, fairly weak and small middle-class, weak monarch and oppressed peasantry…serfs Western Absolutism: Powerful monarch, weak nobles, stronger middle class peasants free from serfdom

  11. Eastern European Centralization Threats of war and Asian invaders necessitated strong leadership in Eastern Europe So… for the sake of survival, Eastern European nobles agreed to support a monarch IF they were given something in return The nobles in Eastern Europe insisted on more authority over the peasants

  12. Results of Centralization: Reduced political power of the nobility BUT the nobility had increased power over the peasants The nth degree of Eastern European Absolutism was the reign of Peter the Great

  13. Eastern Absolutists Kings imposed and collected permanent taxes without the consent of their subjects Eastern European countries maintained permanent standing armies

  14. Serfdom in Eastern Europe During the early modern period, serfdom was revived or re-imposed in Eastern Europe Bohemia, Silesia, Hungary, eastern Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Russia The Black Death created tremendous labor shortages (like in Western Europe)

  15. Nobles demanded: That their kings and princes restrict or eliminate the free movement of peasants By 1500 in Prussia, laws required that runaways be hunted down and returned Laws were passed that froze peasants in their social class

  16. The Nobles… Confiscated Peasant land and imposed heavier labor obligations The legal system was monopolized by the local lord

  17. The Robot Labor obligation of the “free” (non-serf ) peasant Free peasants were often required to give 3 to 4 days of labor to their local lord each week without pay How did the robot differ from the corvee?

  18. Between 1500-1650 Hereditary serfdom was re-established in Poland, Russia and Prussia Poland: by 1574 nobles had complete control over the peasants…life or death In 1694 the Russian tsar rescinded a 9-year term limit on recovery of runaway serfs

  19. The Growth of Estate Agriculture Especially in Poland and Eastern Germany Food prices increased as a result of the influx of precious metals from the Americas Surpluses of wheat and timber were sold to the big foreign merchants who exported to the West

  20. In the East Monarchs NEEDED the nobles The constant warfare in the East meant that the monarch needed the cooperation of the nobles to keep peace Strong Kings will not emerge in Eastern Europe until after 1650 Until then…”First among equals”

  21. Peasants in the East Uprisings did not succeed No solidarity Landlords (nobles) undermined the medieval privileges of towns and power of urban classes SO…population in towns small Population of urban middle class was small

  22. The Austrian Empire (Hapsburg) The ruler of Austria was traditionally selected as the HRE After the War of the Spanish Succession and the Treaty of Utrecht, the Bourbons occupied the Spanish throne The Hapsburg power is now concentrated in Austria

  23. The Austrian-Hapsburg Empire included: Naples, Sardinia, Milan (in Italy) Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) Hungary and Transylvania (Romania)

  24. Hapsburgs Will attempt to consolidate their diverse holdings into a strong, unified state

  25. The Reorganization of Bohemia Czech (Bohemian) nobility was wiped out Ferdinand II (who began the 30 Years’ War) redistributed Czech lands to aristocratic soldiers from all over Europe Conditions for serfs declined

  26. Provinces in Austria Proper Were centralized Ferdinand II created a large permanent standing army Hungary the largest part of the dominion Serfdom was intensified there

  27. Government in the Austrian Empire • Austria was not a single nation-state • Each region had a different legal relationship with the Emperor • It included many nationalities and multiple regions: • Austria Proper: Germans, Italians • Bohemia: Czechs • Hungary: Hungarians, Serbs, Croats, Rumanians

  28. Important Hapsburg Rulers Ferdinand II (1619-1637) Ruled during the 30 Years’ War Ferdinand III (1637-57) Centralized Austria Proper Leopold I (1658-1705) Was influenced by Jesuits, severely restricted Protestantism, successfully defended Vienna from the Ottoman Turks in The Siege of Vienna in 1683…the last attempt by the Ottomans to take central Europe

  29. Hapsburg Rulers Charles VI 1711-1740: spent most of his reign protecting his daughter’s ascension to the throne The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713: Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided and henceforth to be passes intact to a single heir Maria Theresa (1740-1780)

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