Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development

1. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

2. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

3. Link Back Lifespan Perspective says • Development is lifelong • Social or contextual influences on development must be considered • Nature versus Nurture debate is outdated

4. Emergence of Developmental Science Life-span perspective Contextual Interdisciplinary

5. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

6. Models of Development(World Views) • Organismic (Nature side of debate) • Mechanistic (Nurture side of debate) • Interactionist/Contextual (interaction between nature and nurture) • Reciprocal relations with environment

7. Summary Organismic Mechanistic Interactionist Multidirectional Multidimensional Nature of change Qualitative Quantitative Contribution of organism Active Passive Active Biological intrinsic maturation External stimulus environment Reciprocal relations with environment Main force of develop- ment

8. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

9. Biological Theories of Aging • Programmed aging Two types of theories • Random error

10. Programmed Aging Theories Genetic programming theory of aging Sources of support: • Gompertz Curve • Heritability index

11. Gompertz Curve • Age-specific death rate plotted against age in days • Is species-specific

12. Heritability Index =Correlation between monozygotic twins =Correlation between dizygotic twins Indicates strength of genetic influence on a characteristic

13. Programmed Aging Theories Telomere Theory • Replicative senescence- cells have limited number of replications before they can no longer replicate • Telomere- end of chromosome that protects genetic material during replication Loss of telomeres may cause aging

14. Programmed Aging Theories Specific Systems Theories • Nervous system theory • Endocrine system theory Aging caused by losses within these systems

15. Biological Approaches to Aging: Random Error Theories Mechanical damage Wear and tear Rate of living Use up energy for life Waste product Materials accumulate Cross-linking Collagen cross-links Free radical Unstable molecules Immune system Autoimmunity Somatic mutation, error catastrophe theory Mutation theories Order to disorder Entropy destroys system

16. Biological Theories of Aging Conclusions • Causes of aging not yet known • Genetics is more likely cause • Environment also plays important role

17. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

18. Psychological Theories of Aging • Erikson’s psychosocial theory • Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory • Identity process model • Multiple threshold model • Sociocultural model

19. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Biopsychosocial Nature of Theory PSYCHO SOCIAL EGO DEVELOPMENT

20. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Epigenetic Principle Old Age Childhood Each stage unfolds from previous stage

21. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

22. + - Sense of purpose Lack of direction Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Identity Achievement vs. Identity Diffusion Basis for later adult stages

23. + - Mutual relationships Self-absorption Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Intimacy vs. Isolation Builds on identity

24. + - Productivity and care Inward energy Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Generativity vs. Stagnation Expressed most often in parenting and work

25. + - Acceptance of past Fear of death Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Ego Integrity vs. Despair Sets stage for young

26. Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Basic Concepts • Stages of development in childhood • Processes of development • assimilation • accommodation

27. Existing structure (“schema”) Used to interpret Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Processes of Development: Assimilation New experiences

28. New experiences Causechange Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Processes of Development: Accommodation New or changed schema

29. Identity Process Theory Definition of Identity Identity = sense of self

30. Identity Process Theory • Identity assimilation • Interpret experiences in terms of existing self • Identity accommodation • Change in self as result of new experiences • Balance

31. Identity Process Theory Multiple Threshold Model • Stepwise recognition of age changes • Identity processesinfluence age-related control behaviors

32. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

33. Sociocultural Models of Development:Ecological Perspectives • Emphasis on relations between individual and environment as forces to change • multiple levels to the environment

34. Sociocultural Models of Development: Ecological Perspectives Bronfenbrenner model Sociocultural Proximal social Inner processes

35. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

36. Myth busting…Facts on Aging Revisited • #11 The majority of old people are unable to adapt to change. • False

37. Myth busting…Facts on Aging Revisited • # 17 The majority of old people are socially isolated. • False