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Regulation of Calvin cycle. Rubisco is a prime target for regulation. Activation of rubisco by carbamate. Rubisco is activated by carbamylation. CO 2 concentration?. pH?. Alkaline pH favors. Mg 2+ concentration?. Stroma pH. And Mg 2+. conditions regulate stromal FBP-1. high light.
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Regulation of Calvin cycle Rubisco is a prime target for regulation
Rubisco is activated by carbamylation CO2 concentration? pH? Alkaline pH favors Mg2+ concentration?
Stroma pH And Mg2+ conditions regulate stromal FBP-1 high light Activation of Rubisco fig20-34
Redox regulation of Calvin cycle with Thioredox: Activation of enzymes by regulating redox states of a disulfide bond
enz activity Th-SH high light redox regulation of Calvin cycle enzymes via thioredoxin fig20-36
Coordination of the light and dark reactions Light reactions Electron transfer Reduced ferrodoxin Thioredoxin Regulatory disulfide bonds in Calvin cycle enzymes Dark reactions
Coordination of the light and dark reactions Light reactions Electron transfer pH Mg2+ Reduced ferrodoxin Thioredoxin Regulatory disulfide bonds in Calvin cycle enzymes Dark reactions
Americans are getting fatter, so do the people in other developed countries
Triacylglycerol: Fatty acids and glycerol Also called triglycerides or neutral fats Fatty acids
Dietary fats form micelles with the help of Bile salts
Mobilization of the stored Triacylglycerol in adipose tissue
Transport fatty acids from adipose tissue to muscle or other tissue Serum albumin
Fatty acids and glycerol are the products from lipase cleavage
Physiological roles for fatty acids Building blocks for phosphalipis and glycolipids Covalent modification of proteins Fuel Precursor for hormones and signaling molecules
Fatty acids are oxidized in matrix of mitochondria Activation and transport fatty acids to mitochondria Three enzymatic reactions: Acyl CoA synthetase Carnitine acyl transferase I Carnitine acyl transferase II
Activates fatty acid to form Acyl CoA Driving by hydrolysis of pyrophosphate
Transport Fatty acids into mitochondria Carnitine acyltransferase I Carnitine acyltransferase II
Normally, the transfer of an acyl group from an alcohol to sulfhyfryl group is thermodynamically unfavorable
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase: an enzyme similar to succinate dehydrogenase The enzyme is located on the inner membrane The product is always trans
Complex II succinate dehydrogenase Electron-transferring flavoprotein fig19-8
Enoyl-CoA hydratase: similar to fumarase Always L configuration
B-hydroxyl-CoA dehydrogenase: similar to malate dehydrogenase Only use L type of substrate
b-oxidation challenges monounsaturated FA polyunsaturated FA odd-carbon FA
b-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids fig17-10
b-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids fig17-10
Odd-chain fatty acids yield propionyl CoA Propionyl CoA carboxylase: biotin Mutase
the coenzyme B12 reaction box17-2
Synthesis of ketone bodies
Ketone bodies can be regarded as a water-soluble, transportable form of acetyl units, provide alternative fuels Ketone bodies are produced in liver and are a major source of energy for some tissues