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Selected syndromes every neurologist should know

Selected syndromes every neurologist should know. Myriam Srour, Pediatric Neurologist September 25, 2013. Retts syndrome. Classical Retts - main clinical features. Girls Initial normal development followed by regression (6-18 mo ) Deceleration of head growth

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Selected syndromes every neurologist should know

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  1. Selected syndromes every neurologist should know Myriam Srour, Pediatric Neurologist September 25, 2013

  2. Rettssyndrome

  3. Classical Retts- main clinical features • Girls • Initial normal development followed by regression (6-18 mo) • Deceleration of head growth • Loss of purposeful hand movements

  4. Main criteria Partial or complete loss of acquired purposeful hand skills Partial or complete loss of acquired language skill Gait abnormalities (dyspraxic or absence of ability) Stereotypic hand movements including hand-writing/squeezing, clapping/tapping, mouthing, and washing/rubbing automatisms Supportive criteria • Breathing disturbances when awake • Bruxism when awake • Impaired sleep pattern • Abnormal muscle tone • Peripheral vasomotor disturbances • Scoliosis/kyphosis • Growth retardation • Small cold hands and feet • Inappropriate laughing/screaming spells • Diminished response to pain • Intense eye communication- “eye pointing”

  5. 4 Stages

  6. Other features • Epilepsy • In 50-90% • All types • Onset usually between 2-5 years • Seizure frequency declines with age (late childhood/adolescence) • Non-epileptic events • In one study, only 1/3 of reported seizures were correlated with abnormal activity on EEG • Hand stereotopies, breath-holding, hyperventilation, dystonia, dyskinesias, unusual eye movements • Bowel dysmotility • Gallbladder dysfunction, stones • Osteopenia • Prolonged QT interval • Avoid medications that prolong QT

  7. Different forms • Classic Retts- typical Retts • Presence of all 4 major criteria • Atypical Rett syndrome • Period of regression • 2 of 4 main criteria • 5 of 11 supportive criteria

  8. Retts syndrome variants • Epileptic encephalopathy variant • Seizures predominate • Onset prior to 6 months • Think of CDKL5 mutations • Congenital variant • No regression • Think of FOXG1 mutations • Later onset variant • Formefruste variant • Preserved speech variant

  9. Genetics • Mutations in MECP2 • X-linked • Lethal in males • Neonatal encephalopathy in boys, severe, death <2 years • Mutations are de-novo • Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 • Abundantly expressed nuclear protein • Mediates transcriptional silencing and epigenetic regulation of methylated DNA

  10. Key concept Methylation usually mediates silencing MECP2 recruited to methylated sites  This leads to recruitment of proteins that will de-acetylate histone tails  Chromatin compaction (inactive genes)

  11. What are the main features?

  12. Main clinical features of Fragile X? • Dysmorphisms • More obvious in adults/post-pubertal • Long face • Large ears • Prominent chin • Macroorchidism • Hyperextensible joints • strabismus

  13. Main clinical features of Fragile X? • Intellectual disability • Moderate to severe (IQ 30-50) • Variable • ASD features • Impulse control problems, poor eye contact, perseverative speech • 20-80% of males, 10—20% females • Cardiac • Mitral valve prolapse • Aortic root dilatation

  14. Fragile X genetics • X-linked, Dominant • Triplet repeat disorder • FMR1 testing • Testing triplet repeats CGG in 5’UTR • PCR/Southern blot • Why is it called fragile X? • Fragile site on X chromosome when cells grown in folate-deficient medium • Triplet repeats decrease transcription of FMR1 (ie. Less mRNA) • What does FMRP do? • Found in the cytoplasm of most cells, especially neurons • FMRP binds RNA and functions as a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein • Plays an important role in the structural and functional maturation of synapses by suppressing translation of certain genes. • Disrupts glutamatergic neurotransmission.

  15. Fragile X- genetics • What is a pre-mutation? • 50-200 repeats • How many repeats are in a full mutation? • >200 • What happens to the repeats with future progeny • In male carrier? • Female carrier? • Increase in number of repeats if transmitted by female, but stable if transmitted by male

  16. Fragile X • How prevalent is Fragile X amongst patients with ID/ASD? • 1.5-3% • What do you counsel a male with Fragile X premutation? • Risks to children • Risks to grandchildren • Risks to self • FXTAS

  17. FXTAS • Fragile X-related tremor/ataxia syndrome • Males with pre-mutation • Onset after 50 (usually early 60s) • Intension tremor and or/gait ataxia • Mild parkinsonism • Neuropathy • MRI: • T2/FLAIR lesions in Middle cerebellar peduncle • Also in periventricular white matter and brainstem • Atrophy

  18. FXTAS • With pre-mutation, there is increased transcription of FMR1 (i.e. more mRNA). • Pathogenesis results from neural toxicity of FMR1 mRNA • Inclusion in neurons and astrocyes, spongiform white matter changes in subcortical, periventricular and brainstem regions including middle cerebellar peduncle.

  19. FXTAS • What do you counsel a female with Fragile X premutation? • To children • To self • Premature Ovarian failure in 30%

  20. Angelman Syndrome • Protruding tongue • Widely spaced teeth • Happy/smiling • Uplifted, flexed armed position • Prognathia

  21. Main clinical features • GDD/ Intellectual disability • Severe range, best have 20 words • No regression • Happy demeanor • “happy puppet” • Laughing, hand flapping • Ataxic gait/tremulousness • Microcephaly • Seizures • 90%, usually start <3 years • Sleep disturbances • Fascination with water

  22. Characteristic EEG pattern- High amplitude sharp theta posteriorly

  23. Genetics- key concept What is genomic imprinting? • Genes are expressed in a parent-of origin manner • i.e. expression depends on whether it is inherited from the mother or father • e.g. deletion of 15q11 if maternal Angelman syndrome if paternal Prader-Willi syndrome

  24. Genetics • due to deficient expression or function of maternally-inherited UBE3A • What are 4 genetic mechanisms underlying Angelman syndrome? • Deletion 15q11 (65-70%) • Paternal uniparentaldisomy (2-5%) • Imprinting defect (2-5%) • UBE3A point mutation (10-15%) Pick up on methylation studies

  25. What is uniparentaldisomy? Inheritance of 2 copies of a chromosome/part of chromosome from the same parent and no copies from the other parent

  26. Genetic mechanisms

  27. What is function of UBE3A? • Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A • Involved in the ubiquitination pathway, which targets slected protein for degradation

  28. PWS- other clinical features Hypothalamic dysfunction • Lack of satiety • Low ghrelin levels • Hypogonadism in males and females • Hypothyroidism • Adrenal insufficiency • Hypogonadism, infertility

  29. PWS- Clinical features • Characteristic facial features: almond-shaped eyes, blond, thin upper-lip, down-turned mouth • Type-2 diabetes + complications of obesity • Behavior issues: temper tantrums, stubborn, compulsive, autistic features, psychotic features

  30. Prader-Willisyndrome • Main Clinical features • Age dependent!

  31. PWS- genetics • Absence of Paternal 15q11contribution (PWCR) • Deletion- 70% • Maternal uniparentaldisomy- 20-30% • Imprinting defect- Mutation in methylation center • Same region as Angelman syndrome • Methylation testing identifies 99%

  32. Down syndrome

  33. Down syndrome • Upslanting palpebral fissures • Epicanthal folds • Flat profile • Folded, dysplastic ears • Low-set ears • Brachycephaly • Open mouth, protruding tongue • Excessive skin at nape • Transverse palmar crease • Incurved 5th finger • Sandal gap • Hypotonia and joint hyperlaxity

  34. Trisomy 21 • 88% due to maternal non-dysjunction • 1-2% individuals mosaic Down’s • 2-3% due to Robertsonian (balanced translocation) • Recurrence risk implications

  35. Screening • 1st trimester combined test: • Ultrasound for nuchal translucently • Serum markers (beta-hCG and PAPP-A) • 85% sensitive, 5% false positive • Chorionic Villus sampling • > 35 years high-risk • Offered to all women

  36. Clinical features • GDD/Intellectual disability • Variable. Mainly mild-moderate • Cardiac defects (VSD, CAVSD) • Vision, hearing problems • Short stature • GI (duodenal atresia) • Endocrine disorders • Hematologic disorders (leukemias) • Atlantoaxial instability • Immune deficiencies

  37. Neurologic features • Hypotonia • Ligamentous laxity • Atlanto-axial instability • Signs and symptoms consistent with spinal injury • Seizures • Bimodal distribution: infancy or after 3rd decade • Infantile spasms (usually more easily controlled) • Seizures >30 years associated with dementia • Dementia • Alzheimers- typical neuropathology with senile plaques and tangles • Related to increased dosage of APP on chromosome 21 (amyloid precursor protein) • Obstructive sleep apnea

  38. QUESTIONS?

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