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Alain Deloire Professor Deloire@sun.ac.za

The South African viticulture An overview. Alain Deloire Professor Deloire@sun.ac.za Department of Viticulture and Oenology Stellenbosch University. Bezier , 9 December 2010. MOZAMBIC. BOTSWANA. 25°S. . UPINGTON. 28°S. Indian Ocean. NAMIBIA. SWAZILAND. River. Atlantic Ocean.

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Alain Deloire Professor Deloire@sun.ac.za

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  1. The South African viticulture An overview Alain Deloire Professor Deloire@sun.ac.za Department of Viticulture and OenologyStellenbosch University Bezier, 9 December 2010

  2. MOZAMBIC BOTSWANA 25°S .UPINGTON 28°S Indian Ocean NAMIBIA SWAZILAND River Atlantic Ocean Orange Lower Orange LESOTHO SOUTH AFRICA Northern Cape 30°S VREDENDAL. Atlantic Ocean Cape Town • Indian Ocean Western Cape .ROBERTSON CAPE TOWN. 35°S 34°S .AGULHAS 20°E 18°E 20°E South Africa lies at the southern tip of Africa between 22°S and 35°S Latitude Africa

  3. Photos, A. Deloire Vignobles à Stellenbosch La côte Ouest Photos A. Deloire Vignobles, Swartland (Malmesbury) (L’Ormarins) Paysages d’Hermanus – Végétation de type Fynbos

  4. - Stellenbosch (17117 h.) ; • - Paarl (16673 h.) ; • - Malmesbury (14448 h.) ; • - Roberston (13994 h.) ; • - Breedekloof (12427 h.) ; • - Olifants River (9964 h.) ; • - Worcester (8658 h.) ; • Orange River (5075 h.) • et Klein Karoo (2904 h.). • La surface totale du vignoble hors raisin de table est estimée à 101 259 h. La surface plantée en raisin de table (incluant la production de jus de raisin et de raisin sec) est estimée à 14236 h. (SAWIS, www.sawis.co.za).

  5. Bonnardot

  6. Cbs : temperate humid with cool winter and summer drought and meanT of warmest month < 22°C Cas : temperate humid with cool winter and summer drought and meanT of warmest month > 22°C Bs : semi-arid Bw : arid Bw Bw Bs Bs Cas Cas Atlantic Ocean Bw Cas Bs Bw Bw Cbs Cbs Ca Cbs Cbs Bs Indian Ocean Köppen type of climate for the weather stations in the wine regions

  7. Les cultivars blancs et noirs représentent respectivement 56.2% et 43.8% de la production. Les principaux cépages blancs sont: • Chenin blanc (18.4%);  • Colombar (11.8%) ; • Sauvignon blanc (9.3%) ; • Chardonnay (8.3%) ; • Muscat d’Alexandrie (2.2%) ; • Sémillon (1.2%) ; • Crouchen (Cape Riesling, 0.7%) ; • Weisser Riesling (0.2%) • et autres (Viognier, Gewürztraminer, … ; 4.1%).

  8. Les principaux cépages rouges sont: • Cabernet Sauvignon (12.3%) ; • Syrah (9.9%) ; • Merlot (6.5%) ; • Pinotage (croisement Cinsaut x Pinot noir ; 6%) ; • Ruby Cabernet (2.3%) ; • Cinsaut (2.1%) ; • Cabernet franc (1%) ; • Pinot noir (0.8%) ; • autres (Grenache noir, Carignan, • Tempranillo, Barbera, … ; 2.9%).

  9. e.g. Stellenbosch meso-climate Topography, slope, aspect, proximity to the searesult in LOCAL AIR CIRCULATION near the coastline V. Bonnardot

  10. Sea and land breeze circulations Sea breeze circulation Land breeze circulation V. Bonnardot

  11. 40 35 30 25 Temperature (°C) 20 15 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Time 12 152 20 30 55 Distance (km) from False Bay or Table Bay Sea breeze effect on temperature Hourly temperature 18 Feb 2000 recorded in the vineyards 18 Feb. 2000 V. Bonnardot

  12. Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean

  13. Fresh night index (FNI) is the average of the minimum temperature one monthbeforeharvest or during the ripeningperiod. The four climate classes according to the fresh night index (°C) are: Warm night: FNI1> 18 Temperate night: FNI2 = > 14  18 Cool night: FNI3 = > 12  14 Very cool night: FNI4 =  12 Tonietto and Carbonneau, 2004

  14. MONTHLY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE OVER DECEMBER-MARCH (2008-2009) Warm night: FNI1> 18 Temperate night: FNI2 = > 14  18 Cool night: FNI3 = > 12  14 Deloire & Bonnardot, 2009

  15. MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OVER DECEMBER-MARCH (2008-2009) Deloire & Bonnardot, 2009

  16. 1.2 m. 2.5 m. 0.7 m.

  17. Epaisseur de la végétation sur sol vigoureux

  18. Smart - Dyson

  19. Pinotage en Gobelet

  20. Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Annual rainfall : 1064 mm winter : 524 mm summer : 88 mm V. Bonnardot

  21. Cape point Vineyard

  22. Espalier: Cape point Vineyard

  23. Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Malmesbury : Swartland

  24. Malmesbury : Swartland, l’Ormarins

  25. Malmesbury : Swartland, l’Ormarins

  26. Malmesbury : Swartland, l’Ormarins

  27. Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Malmesbury: North

  28. Malmesbury: North Atlantic Ocean

  29. Malmesbury: North Réserve d’eau pour irrigation

  30. Malmesbury: North

  31. Malmesbury: North

  32. Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Annual rainfall : 736 mm winter : 328 mm summer : 67 mm V. Bonnardot

  33. Stellenbosch

  34. Stellenbosch Atlantic Ocean

  35. Stellenbosch

  36. Stellenbosch Atlantic Ocean

  37. Tourisme et vin

  38. Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Annual rainfall : 778 mm winter : 377 mm summer : 68 mm V. Bonnardot

  39. Paarl Photo A. Deloire

  40. Paarl (l’Ormarins)

  41. Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Eastern margin of the winter rainfall zone Annual rainfall : 277 mm winter : 98 mm summer : 43 mm

  42. BreedeRiverValley

  43. BreedeRiverValley

  44. BreedeRiverValley

  45. Robertson

  46. Robertson

  47. .UPINGTON River Orange Lower Orange Northern Cape Western Cape Convectional showers in summer & autumn Annual rainfall : 250 mm winter : 42 mm summer : 208 mm

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