Chapter 15

1. Chapter 15 Rural Settlement Forms.

2. Spacing of Houses • Dispersed settlement:U.S. Midwest, house quite far apart, land cultivated by machines, • “Nucleated” settlement in Java, “villages”(house grouped in larger clusters) are located every half-mile along the rural road, work done by human and animal. “Hamlets”-house grouped in tiny clusters

3. Housing and Landscape • Functional Differentiation-individual, single family, domesticated plants/animals added, community, rules, leaders, storage of food, guest shelters…etc. • Environmental Influences-stilt houses in flood zones, steep-sided roof in snowy area, lightweight shelters for Nomadic peoples and the Igloo snow/ice against snow/ice

4. Changing Residential Traditions Four groups of dwellings • Unchanged-traditional, • Modified-traditional • modernized-traditional • modern

5. Unchanged-Traditional Dwellings • Not changed by external influences • Seen in Arab towns, African villages, rural settlements in China and other remote areas. Such as mud-walled houses in China, cloth tents in N Africa, log cabins in N Europe, rough-stone structures in Native Americans, and wood-framed, mat-walled, thatch-roofed Micronesian houses • Traditional houses-Canada:French-Canadian of Quebec, more elaborate and British-Canadian house is more compact and austere . Both use Stone and brick • Three traditional houses in US, 1)New England,wood-frame houses diffused from MA to Midwest 2) Middle Atlantic, originated from one-room log cabin with a stone chimney and fireplace at one end, later additions added. 3) Southern dwellings with one story, sometimes with an attic room and a characteristic porch, built on a raised platform to reduce interior heat.

6. Modified-Traditional Dwellings • Corrugated iron roof, addition of windows, and wooden doors. • Opening of wall is important to African where the fire burn inside of closed dwellings and glaucoma prevailing, --Improving the health condition • Raising the floor to reduce the moisture in the house, --less disease

7. Modernized-Traditional Dwellings • Not only the materials, floor plans and layouts all changed • Elements of the traditional house persist, but modernization has overtaken tradition

8. Modern Dwellings • With advanced technology, the modern house type is most common in US, and become an American tradition. • Two-story began the tradition, then taken over by “Ranch”, with its low-angle roof, screened porches, and patios, pool and deck, barbecue pit, and other space-demanding, energy-consuming features.

9. Building Materials • Wood- distribution of forests, many places have wood houses or wood-framed houses. • Brick-wet mud, sun-dried brick and others. Fired or baked brick become a major element of modern construction. Southern Africa and Central China use fired brick long before modern building technologies were introduced. • Stone. • Wattle-poles,sticks and woven into a tight network and plastered with mud-Southeast Asia has more this than other places • Grass and Brush- • Zulu’s beehive-shaped dwelling are made of African tall grass • Bamboo in Southeast Asia, Sod in northernmost Europe • Boats • Link to Taiwanese Aboriginal residential building

10. Diffusion of House Types • Three American Styles diffused west and south-ward • Maladaptive diffusion-image took precedence over practicality-ranch house diffused to all over the country.

11. Folk-housing regions, 1) New England, 2) Mid-Atlantic and 3) Tidewater South (lower Chesapeake Bay

12. Farm Villages • The most common form of agricultural settlement in the world • The most common one - Irregular clustered • Farmsteads - house,barn,sheds, pens and garden • Hamlets - contains about a dozen buildings • Village- more than hamlets, but definition is not the same for different countries. • Regional Contrasts- Social Stratification • Functional Differentiation- “township-and-range system” in US • Figure 15-3

13. Hudson Rural settlement theory, 1969 • Concerning dispersal of seeds from parent plants. Three stages of rural settlement • 1) Colonization-people move into a hitherto unoccupied area with their settlement in the landscape. -- concentric rings • 2) Spread - filling up of this area by the offspring of the first settlement. This stage creates some nucleated rural settlements -- nebula-like with several distinct clusters • 3) Competition - among settlements for different activities, such as retail stores...etc. -- regular lattice

14. Functional differentiation in villages • Protection of livestock and storage of harvested crops are primary functions of farm villages • In subsistence farm villages storage place for grains an other food is constructed with as much care as the house • Functional differentiation of buildings is most fully developed in Western cultures • In the United States, farmsteads often lie separated from each other in a dispersed pattern resulting from the township-and-range system • The unifying quality is their agricultural orientation

15. Rural Hakka Dwelling Click links to view images Hakka Building 1 Hakka Building 2

16. Cave Dwelling in China Click here to view images

17. Yi - minority in China Click here view images

18. Summary • Dispersed settlement, Nucleated settlement (hamlets and villages) • Diffusion of House Types • Four groups of the dwellings • Building Materials • Village differences