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Social Structure: Understanding What Holds Us Together

Explore Structural Functionalism and key concepts like Mechanical and Organic Solidarity, Groups, Leaders, Organizations, and more through the lens of renowned sociologists T. Parsons and R. Merton. Learn about expressive versus instrumental variables, ascription versus achievement, and Manifest and Latent Functions. Delve into the concepts of Collectivity, Self-Seeking, Particularism, Universalism, and the principles of Formal Organizations according to M. Weber.

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Social Structure: Understanding What Holds Us Together

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  1. Social Structure Structural Functionalism Revisited What Holds Us Together As A Society Mechanical and Organic Solidarity Who Holds Us Together As A Society Groups, Leaders, and Organizations

  2. T. Parsons and R. Merton Expressive & Instrumental Variables Ascription & Achievement: the origins of qualities someone might bring to social interactions or situations Affectivity & Affective Neutrality: the amount of emotion or affect that is appropriate in any social interaction Diffuseness & Specificity: the strength of ties which create a range of obligations to other actors in any social interaction Particularism & Universalism: the reactions to others based on their relationship with us Collectivity & Self-Seeking: the extent of self- or shared-interest associated with social actions Manifest And Latent Functions Manifest Functions are obvious and agreed upon Latent Functions are not intended or easily recognized Structural-Functionalism

  3. Mechanical Solidarity: • Gemeinschaft: “community” • Common to preindustrial/traditional societies • Minimal divisions of labor • We are united by shared values, rituals, and common social bonds (friendship/kinship) Social Structure • Organic Solidarity: • Gesellschaft: “association” • Common to industrial/urban societies • Lots of specialization • We are united by mutual dependence and rational calculations about each others’ value to our “project” What Holds Us Together As A Society? E. Durkheim F. Tonnies

  4. Groups: • Social Group: A collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have some kind of interdependence • Primary & Secondary Groups: Size And Relationship • Aggregates And Categories: Proximity And Similarity • Ingroups And Outgroups : Sense Of Belonging • Web Of Group Affiliations • Groupthink, Conformity, And Collective Effervescence Social Structure Who Holds Us Together As A Society? C. Cooley W. Sumner G. Simmel

  5. Leadership: • Leaders: Members of a group who are responsible for directing the plans and activities of the group in order to enable it to complete its tasks or fulfill its goals • Instrumental And Expressive • Origins Of Leadership • Traditional • Rational • Charismatic • Styles Of Leadership • Authoritarian • Democratic • Laissez-Faire Social Structure Who Holds Us Together As A Society? M. Weber

  6. Formal Organizations: • A highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner • Types Of Organizations • Normative • Coercive • Utilitarian • Bureaucratic Organizations • Hierarchy Of Authority • Division Of Labor • Written Rules & Procedures • Merit-Based Assignments • Impersonal Orientation Social Structure Who Holds Us Together As A Society? M. Weber

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