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Social Structure

Social Structure. Structural Functionalism Revisited What Holds Us Together As A Society Mechanical and Organic Solidarity Who Holds Us Together As A Society Groups, Leaders, and Organizations. T. Parsons and R. Merton. Expressive & Instrumental Variables

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Social Structure

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  1. Social Structure Structural Functionalism Revisited What Holds Us Together As A Society Mechanical and Organic Solidarity Who Holds Us Together As A Society Groups, Leaders, and Organizations

  2. T. Parsons and R. Merton Expressive & Instrumental Variables Ascription & Achievement: the origins of qualities someone might bring to social interactions or situations Affectivity & Affective Neutrality: the amount of emotion or affect that is appropriate in any social interaction Diffuseness & Specificity: the strength of ties which create a range of obligations to other actors in any social interaction Particularism & Universalism: the reactions to others based on their relationship with us Collectivity & Self-Seeking: the extent of self- or shared-interest associated with social actions Manifest And Latent Functions Manifest Functions are obvious and agreed upon Latent Functions are not intended or easily recognized Structural-Functionalism

  3. Mechanical Solidarity: • Gemeinschaft: “community” • Common to preindustrial/traditional societies • Minimal divisions of labor • We are united by shared values, rituals, and common social bonds (friendship/kinship) Social Structure • Organic Solidarity: • Gesellschaft: “association” • Common to industrial/urban societies • Lots of specialization • We are united by mutual dependence and rational calculations about each others’ value to our “project” What Holds Us Together As A Society? E. Durkheim F. Tonnies

  4. Groups: • Social Group: A collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have some kind of interdependence • Primary & Secondary Groups: Size And Relationship • Aggregates And Categories: Proximity And Similarity • Ingroups And Outgroups : Sense Of Belonging • Web Of Group Affiliations • Groupthink, Conformity, And Collective Effervescence Social Structure Who Holds Us Together As A Society? C. Cooley W. Sumner G. Simmel

  5. Leadership: • Leaders: Members of a group who are responsible for directing the plans and activities of the group in order to enable it to complete its tasks or fulfill its goals • Instrumental And Expressive • Origins Of Leadership • Traditional • Rational • Charismatic • Styles Of Leadership • Authoritarian • Democratic • Laissez-Faire Social Structure Who Holds Us Together As A Society? M. Weber

  6. Formal Organizations: • A highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner • Types Of Organizations • Normative • Coercive • Utilitarian • Bureaucratic Organizations • Hierarchy Of Authority • Division Of Labor • Written Rules & Procedures • Merit-Based Assignments • Impersonal Orientation Social Structure Who Holds Us Together As A Society? M. Weber

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