Social Structure

1. Social Structure Preview Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Section 3: Types of Societies Section 4: Groups Within Society Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations Chapter Wrap-Up

2. Read to Discover What are the two major components of social structure? How do these two components of social structure affect human interaction? Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure

3. Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure Question What are the two major components of social structure?

4. Status—a socially defined position in a group or in a society, which has attached to it one or more roles Role—the behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure

5. Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure Status Examples of Roles Examples of Conflict / Strain Put out fires, save lives, wear a uniform Voluntarily puts self in danger, but has loved ones who need him or her Firefighter Provide food and shelter, nurture family, discipline children Fatigue and long shifts make household tasks and interactions difficult Mother Run meetings, recruit new members, plan activities Has trouble getting members to attend and follow through on promises P.T.A. President

6. Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure Question How do these two components of social structure affect human interaction?

7. People’s particular roles and statuses affect how they relate to one another Statuses are ways of defining where individuals fit in society and how they relate to others Most roles have reciprocal roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses, such as husband and wife or teacher and student Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure

8. Read to Discover What are the most common types of social interaction? Which types of interactions stabilize social structure and which can disrupt it? Section 2: Types of Social Interaction

9. Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Question What are some common types of social interaction, and what are examples of each?

10. Exchange—interacting in an effort to receive a reward or a return for one’s actions Competition—two or more people or groups are in opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain Conflict—deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person Section 2: Types of Social Interaction

11. Cooperation—two or more people or groups working together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one of them Accommodation—a state of balance between cooperation and conflict Section 2: Types of Social Interaction

12. Types of Social Interactions Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Competition Exchange Conflict Cooperation Accommodation

13. Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Question Which types of interactions stabilize social structure and which can disrupt it?

14. Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation—stabilize social structure Competition and Conflict—can disrupt social structure Section 2: Types of Social Interaction

15. Read to Discover What types of societies exist in the world today? What roles do individuals play in these models of group systems? Section 3: Types of Societies

16. Section 3: Types of Societies Question What are the three main types of societies and characteristics or examples of each?

17. Preindustrial—food production is the main economic activity; can be subdivided according to the level of technology and the method of producing food Industrial—emphasis shifts from the production of food to the production of manufactured goods, made possible by changes in production methods Postindustrial—much of the economy is involved in providing information and services Section 3: Types of Societies

18. Preindustrial Industrial Types of Societies Postindustrial Section 3: Types of Societies Hunting and gathering; pastoral; horticultural; mechanical solidarity Manufacturing; urbanization; technology Organic solidarity Information; provision of services

19. Section 3: Types of Societies Question What roles do individuals play in these models of group systems?

20. Roles related to: Leadership Family Work Specialization Trade Section 3: Types of Societies

21. Read to Discover What are the major features of primary and secondary groups? What purposes do groups fulfill? Section 4: Groups Within Society

22. Section 4: Groups Within Society Question What are the major features of primary and secondary groups?

23. Primary Groups Interact over a long period of time on a direct and personal basis Entire self of the individual is taken into account Relationships are intimate and often face-to-face Communication is deep and intense Structure is informal Section 4: Groups Within Society

24. Secondary Groups Interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature Involve a reaction to only a part of the individual’s self Casual Limited in personal involvement Individual can be replaced easily Section 4: Groups Within Society

25. Section 4: Groups Within Society Question What are the purposes and functions of groups?

26. Select leaders—people that influence the attitudes and opinions of others Define boundaries—members can tell who belongs and who does not Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions Control members’ behavior—if members violate group norms, the group cannot survive long Section 4: Groups Within Society Functions of Groups

27. GROUPFUNCTIONS Section 4: Groups Within Society Define Boundaries Select Leaders Assign Tasks SetGoals Make Decisions Control Members’ Behavior

28. Read to Discover How are bureaucracies structured? How effective are bureaucracies? Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations

29. Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations Question How are bureaucracies structured?

30. Head of the Bureaucracy (subordinates) Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations (CEO, Superintendent, president, etc.) Department Head/VP Department Head/VP (subordinates)

31. Division of labor Ranking of authority Employment based on formal qualifications Rules and regulations Specific lines of promotion and advancement Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations Weber’s Model

32. Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations Question How effective are bureaucracies?

33. Efficient at coordinating large numbers of people, defining tasks and rewards Provide stability Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and result in oligarchies In some instances, reward incompetence and expand uncontrollably Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations

34. Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding Main Ideas • How can a person’s status differ from his or her role? • How does role conflict affect groups and individuals? How can it be resolved? • What are the five most common forms of interaction recognized by sociologists? • Identify and describe the three broad categories of societies used by sociologists. • How do the roles of group members differ between primary and secondary groups? • What, according to Max Weber’s model, are the major characteristics of a bureaucracy? • What weaknesses influence the effectiveness of bureaucracies?