Chapter 11

1. Chapter 11 Nutrition and Diets

2. Spelling Words for Chapter 11 nutrition nutrient carbohydrate cellulose lipid obesity protein peristalsis cholesterol mineral

3. Define Terms Nutrition Cholesterol Malnutrition Protein Carbohydrates Vitamins Lipids (Fats) Minerals

4. Nutrition What is nutrition? The body’s use of food for growth, development, and health. It includes all body processes (digestion, absorption, metabolism, circulation, elimination) related to food. These processes are the way our body uses the food for energy, growth and maintaining our health. Wellness is a state of being in good health.

5. Malnutrition - poor nutrition, may be caused by diet or illness Symptoms? Fatigue, depression, being overweight or underweight, poor skin and hair, irritability. What can it cause?Deficiency diseases (like scurvy), poor muscular and skeletal development, reduced mental abilities and in severe cases, death. Who is more likely to be affected? Elderly, teens, young children, those living in extreme poverty, and patients undergoing drug therapy (cancer patients).

6. Malnutrition (continued) Obesity is a form of malnutrition, caused by excess food consumption.

7. BELLRINGER: Write the following and the answer. Pages 286-288 • Identify the six groups of essential nutrients. Carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water, lipids • Identify four functions of water in the body. Digestion (breakdown) of food, makes up blood plasma and cytoplasm, helps body tissues absorb nutrients, helps move waste through the body

8. Essential Nutrients - What are essential nutrients? They are elements in food required by the body for proper functioning. Essential nutrients are divided into 6 groups: Carbohydrates Vitamins Lipids (fats) Minerals Proteins Water

9. Essential Nutrient - Carbohydrates • Major source of readily usable energy • Called starches or sugars EXAMPLES: Breads, cereal, pasta, crackers, potatoes, corn, peas, grains, fruit, sugar What is cellulose? It’s the fibrous form of carbohydrate. What does it do? Puts bulk in the digestive system for bowel movements. Examples: bran, whole grain, apples, bananas, sweet potatoes

10. Essential nutrient - Lipids (fats) Lipids are commonly called fats and oils. Fats provide the most concentrated form of energy. Examples: butter, oil, heavy cream, fatty meat, cheese, egg yolk What is cholesterol? A type of lipid found in body cells and animal products. What’s it for? Used to make hormones, vitamin D and bile acids. HDL - “Good” cholesterol LDL - “Bad” cholesterol

11. Essential Nutrient - Protein Need protein to build and repair tissue, regulate body functions, provide energy and heat Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Examples of protein: meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs

12. Essential Nutrient - Vitamins Organic compounds necessary for body processes What are they used for? Metabolism, tissue building, regulating body processes Antioxidants - Some vitamins are antioxidants. They help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals. Found mainly in fruits and vegetables with main antioxidants being vitamins, A, C, & E. Vitamin C Vitamin E Vitamin A

13. Essential Nutrient - Minerals Inorganic substances essential to life What do they do? Regulate body fluids, assist in body functions, aid in building tissues. Examples: zinc (seafood, eggs, milk), selenium (seafood, organ meats), Copper ( nuts, whole grains, organ meats) and magnesium (meat, seafood, fresh green vegetables).

14. Essential Nutrient - Water Found in all body tissues • Used in the digestion of food • Makes up blood plasma and cytoplasm of cells • Helps body tissue absorb nutrients • Helps move waste through the body How much water should the average person drink a day? 6 to 8 glasses a day

15. Bellringer: Page 292 Write the following and answer- Name the 5 food groups and give three examples of food in each group. Protein, dairy, vegetables, fruits, grains Name three foods you have eaten in the past 24 hours and tell what food group each is in.

16. Using nutrients in the body: Digestion Absorption Metabolism

17. Using nutrients in the body - What is digestion? The body breaks down food into smaller parts, changes the food chemically and moves it through the digestive system. Peristalsis - food is moved through the digestive tract by peristalsis which is a rhythmic, wavelike motion of the muscles.

18. Using nutrients in the body - What is absorption? Blood or lymph capillaries pick up the digested nutrients and then the circulatory system carries those nutrients to cells What is metabolism? Nutrients are used by the cells for building tissue, providing energy and regulating body functions. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) : rate at which the body uses energy just for maintaining its own tissue, without doing any voluntary work.

20. Bellringer: Page 296 Write the following and answer: What is the difference between being overweight and being obese? Overweight is 10 to 20 percent body weight over the average recommended weight for a person’s height and obesity is body weight over 20 percent of the recommended weight for a person’s height.

21. List 6 conditions that can develop as a result of obesity. hypertension sleep apnea diabetes heart disease stroke high cholesterol osteoarthritis gallbladder disease colon cancer

22. Diseases that may be related to poor nutrition: Hypertension:high blood pressure, may be caused by excess salt or fat in diet Atherosclerosis: fatty substances on the inside of the arteries have caused a narrowing of the arteries, thought to be caused by diets high in saturated fats and cholesterol

23. Diseases that may be related to poor nutrition: Osteoporosis:bones develop tiny openings which cause them to break easily, one cause is not enough vitamin D and calcium Osteoporosis means porous bone.

24. Diseases that may be related to poor nutrition: Diabetes mellitus: metabolic disease caused by insufficient secretion or use of insulin, this leads to an increased amount of sugar in the blood and urine. What increases chances of developing diabetes? Heredity Obesity Lack of exercise Diets high in carbs and sugar

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26. Therapeutic Diets What is a therapeutic diet ? A diet used to improve or treat specific health conditions. What kind of changes are made to the food? • Calorie content • Texture • Nutrient content

27. Therapeutic Diets Regular Diet • Balanced diet • Patient does not have dietary restrictions • May or may not have reduced calories

28. Therapeutic Diets Liquid Diet - • includes clear liquid diet and full liquid diet • Used for short periods of time (surgery, infections, vomiting, diarrhea) Full liquid Yogurt Hot cocoa Ice cream Milk Clear Liquid Apple/grape juice Jello Fat free broths Tea / black coffee (with sugar)

29. Therapeutic Diets Soft Diet - • foods must require little chewing, easy to digest • used following surgery, dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing), digestive disorders • food may sometimes be pureed (blended) AVOID - • Tough meat, spicy food, fried foods, nuts, raw fruits and raw vegetables

30. Therapeutic Diets Diabetic Diet • Used for patients with diabetes (body does not produce enough insulin) • Patients have to calculate amount of carbs they eat Sugar-heavy foods such as desserts, syrup, candy and jelly are avoided.

31. Therapeutic Diets Sodium- Restricted Diet (also called low salt diet ) • Patients avoid adding salt to food • Avoid smoked meats, processed food, pickles, olives, processed cheeses Examples of patients that may have to be on a low salt diet include those with heart diseases and kidney disease.

32. Therapeutic Diets Low Protein - • Patients that may need to be on a low protein include those with kidney disease and certain allergies • Foods to limit on a low protein diet include meat, fish, milk, eggs