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Botanical Nomenclature

Botanical Nomenclature. The Basics. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Revised every 6 years 2006 (Vienna) Code: http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm 2011 (Melbourne) Code: Renamed to “ International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ” In prep.

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Botanical Nomenclature

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  1. Botanical Nomenclature The Basics

  2. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature • Revised every 6 years • 2006 (Vienna) Code: http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm • 2011 (Melbourne) Code: • Renamed to “International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants” • In prep

  3. Botanical & Zoological Codes are Separate Ficus caricus Ficus ficus Cecropia Cecropia

  4. Botanical & Zoological Codes are Separate Iris versicolor Iris oratoria Culcita coniifolia Culcita novaeguineae (echinoderm)

  5. Taxonomic hierarchy Kingdom (-phyta) Division (-ophyta) Class (-opsida) Subclass (-idea) Order (-ales) Family (-aceae) Subfamily (-oideae) Genus Species Subspecies Variety Forma

  6. Family names • End in –aceae, but note the following eight conserved names (alternative old names allowed by the Code): • Asteraceae Compositae • Hypericaceae Gutifferae • Brassicaceae Cruciferae • Apiaceae Umbelliferae • Arecaceae Palmae • Lamiaceae Labiatae • Fabaceae Leguminosae • Poaceae Graminae

  7. Species names • Arethusa bulbosa L. • Consist of two words • Genus name • Specific epithet • Author name(s) Written in Latin

  8. Species names • Antrophyum ensiforme Hook. • Scoliosorus ensiforme (Hook.) T. Moore Parenthetical author Combining author Scoliosorus ensiforme is a later re-classification (to a different genus) of Antrophyum ensiforme. Both names refer to the same species, shown at right.

  9. Author names • Lotus corniculatus L. • Lotus heermannii (Dur. & Hilg.) Greene • Hosackia hermannii Dur. & Hilg. & Rothfels & K. Reed • Always used instead of “and” ex Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow • Name suggested by Humboldt & Bonpland but published by Willdenow in Spring in Martius • Name published by Spring as a chapter in Martius

  10. Infraspecific taxa • Trinomials • subspecies, variety and form Solidagosimplex subsp. randii (Porter) Ringius Solidagovirgaurea var. alpinaBigelow Solidagonemoralisfo. pallensBenke • Quadrinomials • allowed but rarely used • var. or fo. nested within subsp. but not vice versa Solidago simplex subsp. randiivar. gillmanii(A. Gray) Ringius

  11. Types of Type specimen • A species is described with reference to one and only one type specimen deposited in a herbarium • The function of types is strictly nomenclatural, anchors the name • Does not have to be “typical” or representative of the species Type specimen of Sequoia sempervirens (Coastal Redwood)

  12. Types of types • Holotype: the single type specimen, housed in a specific herbarium, named at time of publication • Isotype: copies of the type specimen (“duplicates” bearing the same collection number) • Syntype • Lectotype • Paratype • Neotype

  13. Synonyms • Alternative names for the same species • Two kinds: • Nomenclatural synonyms • Taxonomic synonyms

  14. Nomenclatural Synonyms • Based on the same type • Also called homotypic or objective synonyms • Change in rank or group • Same specific epithet Eschatogrammepanamensis(1929) Polypodiumpanamense(1954) Dicranoglossumpanamense(1976) • All the above names are different classifications of the same species

  15. Nomenclatural Synonyms Basionym Basionym author All these names are nomenclatural synonyms. They are different classifications of the same species, shown below. ErythraeamuhlenbergiiGriseb. (1839) Centaurodesmuhlenbergii (Griseb.) Kuntze (1891) Centauriummuhlenbergii(Griseb.) Wight ex Piper (1906) Parenthetical author Combining author Basionym: the name under which a species was first publishe

  16. Taxonomic Synonyms • Based on different types • Heterotypic or subjective synonyms • Taxonomic judgment • Different specific epithets Example: PolybotryacaudataKunze (1834) PolybotryacostaricensisBrade (1969)

  17. Principle of Priority • The nomenclature of taxonomic groups is based on the priority of publication. • Starts 1 May 1753, Species Plantarum Example: PolybotryacaudataKunze (1834) PolybotryacostaricensisBrade (1969) These names were later found to refer to the same species. Based on priority, the first name must be used. The second name becomes a taxonomic synonym of the first.

  18. Rules for Naming a New Species • Can’t use a previously published name or a tautonym • Must indicate rank • Must designate a type • Must effectively publish the name Now obsolete as of Melbourne code: Provide a description in Latin

  19. Tautonyms • Specific epithet repeats genus • Permitted in Zoological Code, but not in Botanical Gorilla gorilla Naja naja Bison bison Ensifera ensifera Salamander salamander Cardinalis cardinalis

  20. Illegitimate Names • Do not conform to the rules • A name already published (later homonym) • Tautonym (e.g., Selaginella selaginella) Polypodium brevinervis Fee (published 1845) Polypodium brevinervis H. Christ (published 1897)

  21. Invalid Names • Not validly published • Prior to Melbourne code, had to be physically published in a widely accessible journal • As of Melboure Code, electronic publication now allowed • See codes for rule of effective publication

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