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Chapter 9: Genes, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis

Chapter 9: Genes, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis. DNA  Deoxyribonucleic Acid Central for reproduction Development Day-to-Day functioning Contains genome  the complete collection of that organism’s genetic information Exists in units called genes ½ from mom + ½ from dad.

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Chapter 9: Genes, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis

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  1. Chapter 9:Genes, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis

  2. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Central for reproduction Development Day-to-Day functioning Contains genome the complete collection of that organism’s genetic information Exists in units called genes ½ from mom + ½ from dad 9.1 An Introduction to Genetics

  3. How do genes control the development and functioning of living things? Instructions genes Workers proteins Recall: enzymes chemically active proteins that enables of speeds up reactions in living things How is the gene read to make a protein? Think of the nucleotides as letters in the alphabet. Now a gene is going to arrange those letters a certain way to make a sentence for specific instruction for building a protein. Letters Nucleotides Sentence  Gene Recall: DNA nucleotides Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine DNA Contains Instructions For Protein Production

  4. Structure Makes protein production possible Looks like a spiral staircase Handrails sugar (deoxyribose) + phosphate bone Staircase NucleotidesA, G, C, & T The way in which they are ordered codes for a specific protein The Architecture of DNA

  5. The DNA helix unwinds (in nucleus) The gene that codes for a protein is read and copied The copy of the gene is in the form of mRNA Leaves the nucleus to find a ribosome workbench mRNA is read by the ribosome The ribosome brings the proper amino acids that match up with the mRNA Amino Acids are linked together The mRNA is completely read and the protein folds up The Path of Protein Synthesis

  6. Genetics The study of Heredity Concerns Storage Duplication Transfer of information encoded in Chemical form More like a cookbook recipe The DNA gave the instructions and all the combined ingredients made the product Genetics as Information Management

  7. Genome The entire collection of Genes Vast history of information Human genome estimated 30,000 genes Information passed down over 3.5 billion years of evolution Most cells in your body contain a complete copy of an organisms geneome The cell only reads the part of the genome that is needed endocrine cell VS a lymphatic cell Cells duplicate therefore their genetic information must be duplicated From One Gene to a Collection

  8. Genetics lies in the path of reproduction Allows things to be Complex Self sustaining entities The Path of Study in Genetics

  9. How do organisms grow and develop? Always through cell division Cells come from other cells Cells come from cells by dividing 25 million cell divisions occur each second Why do cells divide? They die and need to be replaced Before “cell division” you must have “cell duplication” also known as  replication Mitosis the apportioning of two identical quantities Cytokinesis the splitting of the cellular material 9.2 An Introduction to Cell Division

  10. Strands unwind Each single strand serves as a template A new strand is created by adding new nucleotides to the template The result two identical strands of DNA Each double strand contains an old strand and a new strand The Replication of DNA

  11. DNA double helix is packed in the condensed form of a chromosome The DNA in each cell comes divided up and packaged into individual units of DNA Different organisms have different numbers of Chromosomes Humans 46 Onions16 Eukaryotic Chromosomes Made up of DNA and Proteins Chromatin 9.3 DNA is Packaged in Chromosomes

  12. In Eukaryotes: Chromosomes come in pairs Not exactly alike One from mom and one from dad Defining a matched pair Each set of matched pair contains similar materials for a gene If chromosome #1 is responsible for eye color both will have instructions for eye color the difference is that each parent can have a different eye color Homologous Chromosomes “homologous” the same in size and function Matched Pair of Chromosomes

  13. Exception to the Rule Sex chromosomes Of the 23 pairs 22 autosomes nonsex chrmosomes Females one homologous sex chromosome XX Males X and a Y X and Y Chromosome

  14. Note: Cell contains other organelles that must be doubled. Cell division has two components Mitosis Separation of a cell’s duplicated chromosome prior to cytokinesis Cytokinesis the physical separation of one cell into two daughter cells Chromosome Duplication as a Part of Cell Division

  15. Three processes Growth Genetic duplication Cell division Two Phases Interphasethe portion of the cell cycle in which the cell carries out its work and, in preparation for division, duplicates its chromosomes Mitotic Phasethe portion of the cell cycle that includes both mitosis and cytokinesis The Cell Cycle

  16. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0 9.4 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

  17. Animal Cell Protein filaments cleave the two cells Plant Cell Problem cell wall Send cell wall and plasma membrane components in between the cells Prokaryotes Bacteria Single celled Singular circular chromosome Grows Septum to separate them Faster Bacteria divide ever 20 minutes Human cells 24 hours 9.5 Variations in cell division

  18. Essay When the Cell Cycle Runs Amok: Cancer

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