Imperialism

1. Imperialism Unit 15

2. European Imperialism • What is Imperialism? • Imperialism refers to the political and economic control of one area or country by another. • In the 15th century European nations developed the first overseas empires in the Americas. • In the 19th century, the European Great Powers suddenly acquired vast colonial empires in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.

3. European Imperialism • European countries had invested in building colonial empires in the Americas from the 16th to the 18th centuries. • The independence of the United States and Latin America had therefore represented a great setback for European imperialism. • European rulers questioned the value of colonies if they would suddenly declare independence just when they became valuable to the mother country. • Even so, imperialism never totally died out, even in the early 19th century. • It continued in India, South Africa, the East Indies, and several other places.

4. Britain in India Clash of Worlds • India-The Jewel of the British Raj • First 6 minutes of film • Learn about Britain rule in India. • Lecture- British Rule in India • Learn about Sepoy Mutiny (1857) • Learn about the impact of British Rule

5. The British “RAJ” (reign) in India • During the 18th century, the British had defeated France and many local rulers to extend their control throughout much of the Indian subcontinent. • British rule brought many changes. Some older customs were stamped out. (like a widow needs to commit suicide) • Railroads were built in India in 1853. • Muslims and Hindus lived peacefully together • European missionaries spread Christianity. • British schools and colleges opened. • English became the official language of the government • DESPITE THE BENEFITS BROUGHT BY THE BRITISH, MANY INDIANS WERE UPSET BY THIS CHALLENGE TO THEIR TRADITIONAL WAYS

6. SEPOY MUTINY (1857) • The British were able to control India because Indians were divided among themselves. • The British had better weapons and used trained Indian soldiers, known as “sepoys.” • In 1857, a large number of sepoys rebelled. • The rebellion quickly spread, but the British crushed the revolt using loyal soldiers. • After mutiny, the British government took over formal control of India and abolished the East India Company. INDIA OFFICIALLY BECAME A British possession. • Queen Victoria of England became the Empress of India

7. The impact of British Rule in India • Government- the British provided a single system of law and government, unifying India. • They provided jobs, increased educational opportunities, and introduced English as a unifying language. • Economics- The British built roads, bridges, and railroads and set up telegraph wires. • India’s Cottage industries (products made in private homes) were hurt by competition with British manufactured goods

8. The impact of British Rule in India • Health- The British built hospitals, introduced new medicines, and provided famine relief. • At the same time, health care improvements led to a population explosion without a similar increase in economic opportunities. • Social- Indians were looked down upon by the British and their culture was treated as inferior to European culture. • Indian workers provided the British with inexpensive labor- working for long ours, often under terrible conditions.

9. The New Imperialism • At the end of the 18th century, imperialism appeared to be on the decline. • Britain had lost most of its colonies in America, and Spain and Portugal had lost most of Latin America. • A hundred years later, the world witnessed a new wave of imperialism. • From 1880 to 1900, almost every corner of the Earth came to be claimed by European powers. • Africa for example, was suddenly divided up like a cake to be eaten by hungry European powers.

10. The Cause of “New Imperialism” • Why did European imperialism suddenly revive? Read p. 259 in TEKS book • The Industrial Revolution- • New technologies made the “New Imperialism” possible. • Steam boat-go upstream to reach interior land • Telegram-communicate with settlements deep in interior regions • Railroads-ship materials from to and from colonies • Medicines-better understand disease, which made iot possible to explore with less risk • Rifles-used to control local people

11. Motives for imperialism • New countries sought colonial empires of their own to establish their power on the world stage ( Belgium, Germany, Italy) • Older colonial powers sought for colonial territories (France and Britain) • Britain seized control of Egypt to protect the Suez Canal. Why? • A man, a dream, a canal • The Suez Canal provided the shortest route from Britain to India.

12. European Power • European powers were anxious to preserve the “Balance of Power” between themselves. • European powers also hoped to obtain natural resources and markets to sell their goods. • WHITE MAN’S BURDEN? • "The White Man's Burden" by Rudyard Kipling read by Farnham Town Crier • White man’s burden - the duty of Europeans to spread their culture to areas of African and Asia.

13. Reasons for renewed interest in Imperialism • Technology- steam boats, medicines, rifle • Economic Motives- raw materials • Political Motives-demonstrate power=what others do others follow • Social Motives-Social Darwinism- cultures were superior=societies are superior • Also some wanted to Spread Christianity

14. For Daily Grade • There were two different time periods when imperialism occurred. The first wave of imperialism lasted from 1500 to 1800. The second wave, “New Imperialism,” generally lasted from 1870 to 1950. On a separate piece of paper, describe some of the differences between these two periods of imperialism.

15. The “Scramble for Africa” • Events That Changed The World 8/20: The Scramble For Africa

16. The “Scramble for Africa” • In 1870, Europeans still controlled very little actual territory in Africa. • France had Algeria and Britain controlled South Africa. • European activity was limited to costal trading ports. • Communities in the interior of Sub-Saharan Africa still remained isolated. • They represented an immense diversity of cultures with many different types of political structures.

17. The “Scramble for Africa” • Map of African colonies of 1830, 1870-1890 • Over the next twenty years, the map of Africa changed dramatically. • European powers engaged in a “Scramble for Africa” (1870-1890). • In 1850-1860s, European explorers mapped out the interior of Africa for the first time.

18. Revolt of the Suez Canal • In the early 1880s, a local revolt threatened European use of the Suez Canal. • This canal , completed by French Engineers in 1869, provided the shortest route from Europe to East Africa, India, and East Asia. • It became the lifeline between Britain and its colony in India. • The British quickly moved to put down the revolt and take over Egypt.

19. Suez Canal

20. Jealously Among Powers • Other powers – France, Italy, Germany, and Belgium- eyed British actions jealously. They wanted parts of Africa for themselves. • Diamonds, gold and other valuable resources were also discovered in Africa in the late 19th Century. • In 1884, at the Berlin Conference, Bismarck and other European leaders divided up the remaining parts of Africa. • By 1890, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent.

21. Major Imperial Powers • The major powers with colonies in Africa were Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, and Italy. • The French acquired much Central Africa and Northwest Africa above the Sahara. • King Leopold II of Belgium ruled the Congo in the center of Africa as his private estate. • He treated the natives harshly, killing millions to increase production on his rubber plantation.

22. Major Imperial Powers • The British established colonies in West Africa and along almost the whole length of East Africa from Egypt to South Africa. • Cecil Rhodes, a leading British imperialist, planned to build a railway down the Eastern side of Africa from Cairo in Egypt to Capetown, South Africa. • Germany took Tanganyika, Cameroon, Togo and Southwest Africa.

23. Legacy of Imperialism in Africa • Before the arrival of European imperialists, boundaries in Africa were loosely defined. • They reflected territories inhabited and controlled by different ethnic and tribal groups. • In their “Scramble for Africa,” European powers paid no attention at all to existing tribal boundaries. • Wherever possible, they established mining operations or cultivated cash crops to be sold to Europe. • Native African were used as a cheap workforce. • Europeans also introduced advanced Western technology and ideas. • Imperialism thus had both positive and negative effects on Africa.

24. ImperialismPositive and Negative Effects

25. Summary • Scramble for Africa on the web

26. Film : Africa • Guns Germs And Steel part 3 • Write a bullet summary answering the question: Why Africa was colonized and How Africa was affected by the conquest?

27. “Informal” Imperialism • Where European powers could not establish direct rule, they often dominated an area’s economy. • This is referred as “informal” imperialism.

28. The European powers and China • In china, European powers faced a different situation than in India or Africa. • For 1000s of years, China had been united under its powerful emperors. Nevertheless, China had remained isolated from the world. By the 1830s, it lacked the military technology it needed to oppose Western imperialism.

29. The European powers and China • Why the interest in China? • Western nations showed an interest in China because its huge population offered a potential market for European manufactured goods. It also possessed valuable raw materials and produced local goods sought by Europeans. • In China, European powers therefore developed a system of “informal” imperialism. China’s local rulers remained in power, but they became subject to foreign pressure.

30. The Opium Wars (1839-1842) • What countries were involved in the opium trade? • How did the opium war start? • What was the outcome of the war? • What was the affect on China do to the war? • How did Britain rule China’s economy? • Please read p. 264 in Mastering the TEKS Opium Wars

31. History Chinas Boxer Rebellion -Documentary • What was the basis for the Boxer Rebellion? • Who finally crushed the Boxer Rebellion? • What key role did the United States play in the Rebellion? • How did America’s “Open Door Policy” prevent European powers from further dividing up China? • Please read p. 265 in Mastering the TEKS.

32. The United States opens Japan • Why was Japan closed its borders to European trade in 1639? • In 1853, who from the U.S. was sent to negotiate a favorable treaty with Japan? • Why did Japan finally open up its borders to American trade? • What other European powers followed the U.S. and negotiated favorable treaties with Japan? • Please read p. 265-266 Mastering the TEKS

33. Meiji Japan: Reforming a Nation Through Western Development • Why were the Japanese samurai and nobles criticized the Shogun, the Japanese ruler? • Who was restored to power? • Who was the new ruler? • Why was this ruler convinced to adopt Western ways? • What were some of the ways did this emperor restore Japan in the Western way? • Please read p. 266 in the Mastering the TEKS.

34. Latin America Spanish American War • Why did America go to war with Spain in 1898? What were the results? • Why did Latin America become part of a system of “informal imperialism?” Please read pages 266-267 in Mastering the TEKS

35. Latin America Panama Canal • Why was the building of the Panama Canal important to America? • How did America gain control of the Panama Canal Zone? Please read p. 267 in Mastering the TEKS