Lessons from America

1. Lessons from America A success story in high school physics education. Presented by Barbara McKinnon, JMSS

2. 2. What is successful about Modeling Instruction? 3. What are the implications for the Australian curriculum? 1. What is Modeling Instruction?

3. Scientific Thinking • Constant Velocity • Constant Acceleration • Force causing change in velocity • Force as an interaction • Force diagrams and net force • Relationship between force and acceleration • Friction • 2D motion • Energy (storage and transfer via working, heating, radiating) • Circular motion • Impulsive forces (conservation of linear momentum) Modeling Mechanics Curriculum

4. 90 hours of professional development consisting of • intensive immersion in the mechanics modeling curriculum and pedagogy • discussion of research literature • building connections with the modeling teaching community Mechanics Modeling Workshops

5. Traditional instruction does not effectively address misconceptions • For many students, traditional instruction is not successful in teaching conceptual understanding or scientific reasoning Why is a new pedagogy needed?

6. Students actively engaged in construction of a phenomenological model based upon their own observation and experimentation deployment of the model in problem solving and testing model breaking What the students say about modeling What is modeling?

7. Multiple representations Small whiteboards to facilitate presentation of ideas Socratic questioning Essential Tools

8. Effective scientific reasoners who have advanced problem solving skills. How is this measured? Performance on conceptual assessment instruments such as Force Concept Inventory Results on conventional statewide tests. Retention of students in Science Outcomes

9. 10000 students 170 teachers Hestenes, D. 2000 Findings of the modeling workshop project (1994 – 2000). Final report submitted to the National Science Foundation

10. Hake, R. 1998 Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: a six thousand student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses. Am. J. Phys. 66(1)64-71.

11. Hake, R. 1998 Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: a six thousand student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses. Am. J. Phys. 66(1)64-71.

12. Modeling curricula have been written for • Chemistry • Biology • Humanities – English and History Is modeling only for Physics?

13. Modeling is about creating multiple connections between the physical system and mental model.

14. Modeling takes more time, can’t cover as much curriculum. • The Physics First experience: • Students in Year 9 spend a year doing Physics using modeling • Improves outcomes in Chemistry and Biology • Increases retention in Science • Don’t have to teach everything using modeling for procedural benefit to be retained. Points to consider

15. Using a modeling approach find that • Students are engaged • Students improve their reasoning through communication of their scientific thinking and by debating with peers. • Students achieve a deeper conceptual understanding and become better problem solvers • Students increase their learner confidence by building their own conceptual framework. • Both girls and boys respond well to approach. Modeling instruction is a demonstration of the power of teaching informed by education research. Outcomes in the USA

16. Modeling has been found to be most successfully delivered when teacher has attended a three week workshop. • Whiteboard discussions best suited to groups of 15-24

17. Recommended reading: Etkina, Warren and Gentile “The Role of models in Physics Instruction” The Physics Teacher 442006 pp34-39 1. Models are simplifications of an object or process 2. Models can be descriptive or explanatory 3. A model must have predictive power 4. The predictive power of the model has limitations The essence of modeling

18. Implement modeling fundamentals in teaching practice • Evaluate teaching of mechanics in Physics at JMSS using the Force Concept Inventory • Learn more about the application of the modeling method to other areas of Physics and the other sciences. • Build a modeling community in Australia My goals

19. George Przywolnik School Curriculum and Standards Authority WA STA John de Laeter medal winner 2007 • Kenneth Silburn Head of Science, Casula HS, NSW National Award for Teaching: Excellence in Teacher Leadership (2009) Australian Academy of Science Teaching Award (2010) Prime Minister’s Commendation for Excellence in Science Teaching (2010). Other Australian modelers

20. American Modeling Teachers’ Association http://modelinginstruction.org/ • Mark Schober “What is Modeling” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDgulnEVE10&feature=related • Mark Schober’s webpage http://modelingphysics.org/ • Arizona State University Modeling website:http://modeling.asu.edu/modeling-HS.html • Success stories from teaching Physics using modeling to American 9th graders http://home.comcast.net/~physicsfirst/site/ Where to find out more about modeling:

21. Barbara McKinnon would like to acknowledge • the generosity of her school, the John Monash Science School in awarding her the first JMSS staff fellowship, • Boeing for subsidising the cost of the accommodation during the three week workshop, and • the American Modeling Teachers’ Association for allowing her to participate in the workshop.