US FOREIGN POLICY FROM 1920 TO 1941

1. US FOREIGN POLICY FROM 1920 TO 1941

2. The Road to World War II 1919-1939

3. Foreign Policy Tensions Interventionism Disarmament • Isolationism • Nativists • Anti-War movement • Conservative Republicans • Collective security • “Wilsonianism” • Business interests

4. American Isolationism • Isolationists like Senator Lodge, refused to allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty. • Security treaty with France also rejected by the Senate. • July, 1921  Congress passed a resolution declaring WW I officially over! Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]

5. Problems in Europe After WWI • Great Depression • Economic = people were jobless • Political = weak governments could not solve problems in their countries. Fear of Jews and Communists • Social = times of unrest people look for a leader.

6. dictators TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS • Power of government rests in one man. • TOTAL POWER • No freedoms in this society….. • Usually racist and discriminatory towards certain groups…… • Often have large militaries and must expand and conquer to gain approval from their people.

7. dictators TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS • Benito Mussolini • 1922/Italy---Facism • Believe, Obey and Fight • Revive the Roman Empire • FACISM:BASED ON A SYMBOL OF AUTHORITY IN THE OLD ROMAN EMPIRE…………”a philosophy or system of government that advocates or exercises a dictatorship, state control of industry, racial superiority, supremacy of the leader, limits civil rights, together with an ideology of belligerent nationalism, militarism and expansion…..”

8. dictators TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS • Joseph Stalin • 1921/Soviet Union Communism • Spread Communism throughout the world • Stalin maneuvered himself into becoming the leader of the Soviet Union. • The Russian Revolution was led by the people to overthrow a monarch but when the new ruling class took over, there were no protections of people’s rights…… “NO BILL OF RIGHTS” • Communism and fascism are similar in their ideologies

9. dictators TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS • Took the form of a god and ruled Japan from 1926 to 1989. • Japan’s Manifest Destiny was to expand into China and the rest of Asia. • Empire of the Sun Emperor Hirohito

10. dictators TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS • 1931/Japan, expansionist and military leader • Would threaten our island possessions and U.S. trade policy into China, Open Door Policy. • Planned the Pearl Harbor attack Hideki Tojo

11. TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS • Adolph Hitler, fought in WWI and hated the Treaty of Versailles • 1920s, became involved with the NAZI party which wanted to restore German pride. • Becamedictator of Germany in 1933. • Create a new empire, “Third Reich” • Revenge towards the Treaty of Versailles • Rearm Germany • Take back land lost from WWI dictators

12. Collective Security

13. Washington Naval Conference[1921-1922] U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67

14. Washington Naval Conference • Four-Power Pact(December 13, 1921). • Britain, France, Japan and the United States agreed to submit disputes among themselves over Pacific issues to a conference for resolution. • Pledged mutual respect for the possessions and mandates of other signatories (participants) in the Pacific.

15. Washington Naval Conference • Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty(February 6, 1922). • The leading naval powers, Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States pledged adherence to limitations on the tonnage of capital ships and accepted a moratorium on new naval construction. 5-3-1 ration • Britain could only have 1 ship for every 3 ships in Japan, and Japan could only have 3 ships for every 5 ships in the U.S. Britain, U.S. and Japan agreed to dismantle some existing vessels to meet the ratio.

16. Washington Conference • Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty(February 6, 1922). • Agreed on a series of rules for the use of submarines in future warfare and also outlawed the use of poisonous gases as a military weapon.

17. Washington Conference • Nine-Power Treaty(February 6, 1922). • Big Four, plus Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal and China endorsed the Open Door Policy and pledged mutual respect for Chinese territorial integrity and independence. • In the following months, the U.S. Senate ratified all of the treaties from the Washington Conference.

18. Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928 • 60 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes. • Problem  no way of enforcement.

19. Kellog Briand Pact The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an “an instrument of national policy,” and was further notable for the following: • The pact was signed in August 1928 by 15 nations. • In the following months, more than 60 countries joined in this renunciation of war. • The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee studied the matter and issued a report that maintained that the pact did not impair the nation’s ability to act to protect the Monroe Doctrine. • US Senate ratified this treaty.

20. Kellog Briand Pact Additional countries which join by July 24, 1929. Persia, July 2, 1929; Greece, August 3, 1929; Honduras, August 6, 1929; Chile, August 12, 1929; Luxemburg August 14, 1929; Danzig, September 11, 1929; Costa Rica, October 1, 1929; Venezuela, October 24, 1929.

21. Kellog Briand Pact The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an “an instrument of national policy,” and was further notable for the following: Major problems with this treaty No enforcement mechanism was provided for changing the behavior of warring signatories. The agreement was interpreted by most of the signatories to permit “defensive” war. No expiration date was provided. No provision existed for amending the agreement was included.

22. Kellog Briand Pact • In the 1930’s, the idealism of “ending all war” would be shattered when the Japanese, Italy, Germany and Soviet Union began WWII. • Idealism, is what it is: “ideas”. Some can work and others can’t. • In a realistic world, countries realized that they needed to protect themselves from aggressor nations. • It is still this way today but we have the United Nations to promote world peace and “contain” aggressor nations.

23. Dawes and Young Plan • Dawes Plan • Presented in 1924 by the committee headed by Charles G. Dawes to the Reparations Commission of the Allied nations. It was accepted the same year by Germany and the Allied Nations. • The Dawes Committee was entrusted with finding a solution for the collection of the German reparations debt, set at almost $54 billion. • Germany had been lagging in payment of this obligation and the Dawes Plan provided a repayment schedule over 4 years to the Allies. The Germans would continue to lag behind in payments.

24. GREAT DEPRESSION EVENTS DEBTS • US high tariffs (Hawley-Smoot Tariff) caused Great Britain and France to not trade with US. • US became “economic isolationist”. • Because of this, Great Britain and France did not pay back war debts to the US. • GB and France defaulted on their debt because they had paid in blood. PRIVATE LOANS WALL STREET BANKERS US INVESTORS GERMANY WAR DEBT PAYMENTS “REPARATIONS” ALLIED WAR DEBT PAYMENTS GREAT BRITAIN US TREASURY FRANCE

25. Young Plan • Program for settlement of German reparations debts after WW I. • After the Dawes Plan was put into operation (1924), it became apparent that Germany could not meet the huge annual payments, especially over an indefinite period of time. • The Young Plan: which set the total reparations at $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58 1/2 years : was thus adopted by the Allied Powers in 1930 to supersede the Dawes Plan. • Germany felt the full impact of economic depression and a moratorium was called for the fiscal year 1931–32. • When Adolf Hitler took over Germany, he defaulted on the unpaid reparations debt. • After Germany's defeat in World War II, an international conference decided (1953) that Germany would pay the remaining debt only after the country was reunified. • West Germany paid off the principal by 1980; then in 1995, after reunification, the new German government announced it would resume payments of the interest.

26. Dawes Plan(1924)

27. Clark Memorandum (1928) • Clark pledged that the US would not intervene in Latin American affairs in order to protect US property rights. • This was a complete rebuke of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine! Secretary of StateJ. Reuben Clark

28. FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy • Important to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions. • FDR  The good neighbor respects himself and the rights of others. • Policy of non-intervention and cooperation.

29. democracies U.S RESPONSE TO FASCIST AGGRESSION • BETWEEN 1931 TO 1941, JAPAN INVADES MOST OF ASIA AND WAS THREATENING U.S. ISLANDS AND OUR OPEN DOOR TRADE POLICY. • FROM 1935 TO 1939, HITLER REMARMED GERMANY IN VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES. • GERMANY/ITALY CONQUERED ALL THE DEMOCRACIES IN EUROPE. • US POLICY WAS STRICT NEUTRALITY BUT ULTIMATELY WOULD BE DRAWN INTO WWII.

30. Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931) • League of Nations condemned the action. • Japan leaves the League. • Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.

31. Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine(1932) • US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force. • Japan was infuriated because the US hadconquered new territories a few decades earlier. • Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932  massive casualties.

32. FDR Recognizes the Soviet Union(late 1933) • FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster the US against Japan. • Maybe trade with the USSR would help the US economy during the Depression.

33. Nye Committee Hearings(1934-1936) • The Nye Committee Iinvestigated the charge that WW I was needless and the US entered so munitions owners could make big profits [“merchants of death.”] • The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money. • Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters. • Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts. Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

34. FDR’s “I hate war” Speech (1936)

35. Ludlow Amendment (1938) • A proposed amendment to the Constitution that called for a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress. • Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow. • Never actually passed. Congressman Louis Ludlow[D-IN]

36. Neutral NEUTRALITY ACTS • 1935: prohibited arms shipments to all belligerent countries. • 1936: forbid loans to all belligerents • 1939: prohibited Americans from traveling on ships of belligerent nations • FDR responds to Fascist aggression in Europe by protecting democracies and preparing the US for war…..BUT TRYING TO REMAIN ISOLATED AND NEUTRAL

37. Neutral NEUTRALITY ACTS • Americans wanted to remain neutral. • America First Committee • Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies • Feb. 21, 1940:If Germany is defeating England & France, should the U.S. declare war on Germany and send our Army and Navy to Europe to fight against Hitler? Yes: 23% No 77%

38. Neutral NEUTRALITY ACTS • December 16, 1940: Do you think it was a mistake for the U.S. to enter the first World War? • Yes: 39% No 42% No opinion 19%

39. atlantic1 FOUR FREEDOMS SPEECH • FIRST, freedom of speech and expression, everywhere in the world. • SECOND, freedom of every person to worship God in his own way,everywhere in the world. • THIRD, freedom from want, which translated into world terms, economic and healthy peace time life, everywhere in the world. • FOURTH, freedom from fear, worldwide reduction of armaments, everywhere in the world. • Other things FDR stated: • The world order is to seek cooperation of free countries, in a friendly civilized society. • Freedom means the supremacy of human rights everywhere. • FDR’s speech to Congress in Jan. 1941 describing the threat of the Axis Powers. • FDR believed American security was seriously threatened and believed the struggle was over American democracy.

40. LEND LEASE LEND LEASE • RENTING, LEASING, GIVING BRITAIN AND LATER SOVIET UNION AND CHINA, MILITARY WEAPONS TO ARM THEM AGAINST THE GERMANS AND JAPANESE… • FDR’s FINAL ATTEMPT TO REMAIN NEUTRAL! • USA BECOMES THE “ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY”

41. U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941, “ US becomes the arsenal of democracy” Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 millionThe amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

43. lend lease US offered Lend Lease as a last defense to stay out of war. It was given to Britain during the Battle of Britain in 1940, the Soviet Union after Hitler’s invasion in 1941 and China. The US became the “arsenal of democracy”.

44. June 22, 1941, Hitler invades the Soviet Union Chapter 24, Section 2 1940:Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Netherlands and France 1941: Soviet Union

45. ATLANTIC CHARTER atlantic1 • FDR and Winston Churchill meet on the USS Augusta in the North Atlantic to sign the Atlantic Charter, August 12, 1941. • They met together to make known certain common principles of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better futurefor the world.

46. atlantic1 ATLANTIC CHARTER FIRST, we seek not conquest of land or territory….. SECOND, no territorial changes of land between nations. THIRD,Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government FOURTH,Access to raw materials for all FIFTH,World economic cooperation SIXTH,Freedom from fear and want SEVENTH, freedom of the seas EIGHTH,Disarmament of aggressors NINTH, a United Nations for world peace.

47. The Attack Plan (Japanese) • By attacking our three main bases (???) the Japanese hoped to have free reign to take out southern Asia. • Wanted oil, rubber & metal. • They wanted control of East Asia (all the way down to Australia). • They concentrated on attacking the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). This would allow the Japanese to attack Australia. • All that would be left would be small islands here and there in the Pacific and the Japanese would feel no threat from them.

49. map/japan

50. WWII Military Leaders PEARL HARBOR ATTACK • Captain Mitsuo Fuchida • Led the attack at Pearl Harbor. • “Tora, Tora, Tora” • “Attack, Attack, Attack” • Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto • Commander of the Japanese Navy • Responsible for the success of the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor.