Presentation Transcript

1. US Foreign Policy

   Who, What, Where and How
2. Discussion Question The United States should only intervene in Foreign affairs when they pose a clear and present danger to the United States.
3. President of the United States
4. Previous Presidents
5. Constitutional Requirements Article II No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 22nd Amendment No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once.
6. Constitutional Powers in Foreign Policy Article II, Section 2, Clause 2, gives the president power to make treaties with other countries, subject to ratification by a two-thirds majority of the Senate. The Constitution states that the president “shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States.”
7. How has this happened? 1 Person vs 535 members of Congress Congress acts slowly vs President can act quickly President can use “bully pulpit” to get his message across Congress tends to defer to the president in times of crisis Article 2 of the Constitution is vague
8. Expansion of the Power of the Presidency Because the Constitution gave the President so little “explicit” power, Congress was the most powerful branch, except for a few exceptions. Andrew Jackson- Personally popular and used that to his advantage. Used Federal Power to combat the nullification crisis. Also used the veto power of the presidency. Vetoed more bills than the previous 6 presidents combined. Abraham Lincoln- Due to powers he claimed to have due to the crisis of the Civil War, he greatly expands the power of the presidency. He suspends Habeas Corpus Jails people for “disloyalty” Expands the army and blockades Southern ports without consent of Congress
9. Expansion of the Power of the Presidency Teddy Roosevelt- Personally Powerful due to popularity Sent Congress Messages defining what he believed was the legislative power of the president. Without the consent of Congress, armed and supported Panamanian rebels who wanted independence from Columbia Negotiated a treaty that gave the US the right to build the canal Began building it without Congressional consent Woodrow Wilson- President During WWI Wilson crafted legislation and then sent it to Congress Wilson’s leadership on the international stage elevates the power of the US President in foreign affairs. League of Nations 14 Points
10. Start of the Modern Presidency Franklin Delano Roosevelt Circumstances of his tenure as president allowed him to significantly expand the power of the Presidency. The New Deal created massive Federal Spending and allowed the Government to take a much larger role in everyday life. New Deal was directed from the White House, which changed where legislation was often brought from. His fireside chats allowed for the president to speak directly to the American People Attempted to pack the US Supreme Court (Limit to Power)
11. FDR Continued 1942 FDR Creates the Manhattan Project They will develop the first atomic bomb Executive Order 9066 President Roosevelt orders all citizens of Japanese descent to be deported to military internment camps From 1990 to 1998 all survivors of this were given reparations and letters of apology from the US Government
12. Truman Truman orders the use of the first Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima 70,000 Japanese civilians are vaporized in the first second 100,000 die from burns or radiation sickness in the next few weeks Truman then orders the use of the second Atomic Bomb on Nagasaki 80,000 die there Government Organizations under Truman Central Intelligence Agency National Security Council After an invasion of South Korea, by North Korea, Truman commits troops to the war without Congressional Approval They are there for 3 years
13. Eisenhower When Senator Joe McCarthy tries to demand government files during his attempt to find “communists’ in government, Eisenhower exerts “Executive Privilege”. Also includes aides in the Executive Branch Allows Presidents to decide what Congress can and can’t see. Calls in National Guard to protect Little Rock 9
14. JFK President with the power to save or end the world Cuban Missile Crisis
15. Lead Up to the Cuban Missile Crisis 1959 Fidel Castro successfully leads a Communist Revolution in Cuba There is now a pro-Soviet government 90 miles from the United States 1960-1961 The United States places nuclear missiles in Italy and Turkey, making the USSR very nervous 1961 JFK approves an Invasion of Cuba through the Bay of Pigs It is a massive failure Convinces Castro that the US wanted to invade Cuba
16. LBJ While LBJ did get approval for the start of the Vietnam War (Gulf of Tonkin Resolution) he went beyond what Congress originally approved. In March 1965 LBJ approved bombing runs in North Vietnam He then committed 100,000 troops to the war without Congressional approval Then he committed another 120,000 troops without approval
17. Nixon and the Imperial Presidency During his time as president, Nixon refused to spend money appropriated by Congress Refused to turn over information about decisions his administration had made claiming “executive privilege” Broadened the authority of cabinet positions without the approval of Congress Carried out a secret war in Cambodia without Congressional Approval Spied on the Democrats at the Watergate hotel. This mistake allowed Congress to attempt to get some power back
18. War Powers Act Passed in 1973 Over the Veto of President Nixon The most important and controversial provisions of the law outlined the situations under which presidents could commit troops, permitted Congress at any time to order the president to disengage troops involved in an undeclared war Required the president to withdraw armed forces from a conflict within sixty to ninety days unless Congress specifically authorized its continuation. This has been violated or ignored by many presidents since its passage and no legal action has been taken
19. Ford and Carter Without consulting Congress, Ford sent U.S. commandos to liberate American navy men seized from the cargo ship Mayaguez by the Khmer Rouge, Cambodia’s Communist government. The operation cost 41 military lives to rescue 39 sailors Caused more question of the President’s power to make war Jimmy Carter sent a secret military mission into Iran in 1980 to free American hostages held at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. Justified the secrecy as essential to the mission, Sandstorms and a helicopter crash aborted it confidence in independent executive action waned
20. Reagan Ronald Reagan informed Congress of his decisions to commit U.S. troops to actions in Lebanon and Grenada Suffered from the Iran-Contra scandal, members of his administration plotted to raise funds for anti-Communists in Nicaragua by selling them American arms and ammunition A form of aid that Congress had explicitly outlawed.
21. HW Bush and Clinton George H.W. Bush won a Congressional resolution supporting his decision to oust Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991. At the same time, he unilaterally chose not to expand the conflict into Iraq, but even that assertion of power was seen as a bow to Congressional and public opposition to a wider war. Bill Clinton chose to consult with Congressional leaders on operations to enforce a U.N. no-fly zone in the former Yugoslavia He unilaterally launched Operation Desert Fox, the 1998 bombing intended to degrade Saddam Hussein’s war-making ability.
22. The State Department Department Mission Statement Shape and sustain a peaceful, prosperous, just, and democratic world and foster conditions for stability and progress for the benefit of the American people and people everywhere. --From the FY 2013 Agency Financial Report, released December 2013
23. What does the State Department Do? It is an executive department that is responsible for all international relations between the United States and the rest of the world. It maintains all diplomatic missions to other countries Ambassadors, etc Issues Travel Warnings Created in 1789 and was the first executive department created. First Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson Daily press briefings are second only to the White House press briefings Secretary of State is 4th in line to the President Former Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton Condoleezza Rice Colin Powell
24. Secretary of State On February 1, 2013, John Forbes Kerry was sworn in as the 68th Secretary of State of the United States On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for 28 years Democratic Nominee for President in 2004
25. Issues in the State Department Wikileaks In 2010 the website Wikileaks posted 250000 classified cables from the state department from the 1960’s to 2010. These caused much embarrassment for the State department The King of Saudi Arabia privately urged the United States to attack Iran to destroy its nuclear weapons programme, according to the leaked diplomatic cables. American diplomats have been running a spying campaign against the United Nations leadership and representatives of permanent members of its security council, including Britain. Iran has obtained ballistic missiles from North Korea that could be used to strike Western Europe, the leaked filed suggest. U.S. diplomats cast doubts on the reliability of Nato ally Turkey, portraying its leadership as divided and permeated by Islamists.
26. Wikileaks Continued The diplomatic cables revealed numerous unguarded comments and revelations: critiques and praises about the host countries of various U.S. embassies discussion and resolutions towards ending ongoing tension in the Middle East efforts for and resistance against nuclear disarmament actions in the War on Terror assessments of other threats around the world dealings between various countries U.S. intelligence and counterintelligence efforts U.S. support of dictatorship and other diplomatic actions.
27. The Defense Department The executive department that is responsible for the United States national security as well as in charge of the US military Head of the department is the Secretary of Defense 3.23 million employees Defense Department has many different departments to it US Army US Navy US Air Force Defense Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office DARPA Missile Defense Office ETC
28. The Defense Department
29. The Defense Department The Defense Department is the largest portion of Discretionary Spending in the US Budget. The United States spends much more than most other countries in the world
30. Historical Context
31. Does the United States Spend too much on defense? http://www.polleverywhere.com/
32. Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel was sworn in as the 24th Secretary of Defense on February 27, 2013 becoming the first enlisted combat veteran to lead the Department of Defense. He joined the United States Army and volunteered to go to Vietnam, rising to the rank of Sergeant and serving as an infantry squad leader alongside his brother, Tom, with the Army’s 9th Infantry Division in 1968. He earned numerous military decorations and honors, including two Purple Hearts. He is a Republican and former member of the Senate He was the first Secretary of Defense to have his nomination filibustered Over remarks about Israel Former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, Donald Rumsfeld
33. Department of Homeland Security The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a cabinet department of the United States federal government, created in response to the September 11 attacks, and with the primary responsibilities of protecting the United States and its territories from and responding to terrorist attacks, man-made accidents, and natural disasters.
34. What does DHS include? Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) US Coast Guard US Secret Service Protect the President Fight Counterfeiting Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Immigration and Custom Enforcement (ICE) US Border Patrol
35. DHS Controversies In 2006, Grant Goodman, "an 81-year-old retired University of Kansas history professor, received a letter from his friend in the Philippines that had been opened and resealed with a strip of dark green tape bearing the words “by Border Protection” and carrying the official Homeland Security seal. A spokesman for U.S. Customs and Border Protection "acknowledged that the agency can, will and does open mail coming to U.S. citizens that originates from a foreign country whenever it's deemed necessary" Criticism for the many failures of FEMA following Hurricane Katrina. Slow Response No urgency There have also been reports of waste within the department, including 70,000 on dog booties that were never used, boats at double the market value that can’t be found, and ipods for “data storage” Video
36. Secretary of Homeland Security Jeh Charles Johnson was sworn in on December 23, 2013 as the fourth Secretary of Homeland Security. Prior to joining DHS, Secretary Johnson served as General Counsel for the Department of Defense, where he was part of the senior management team and led the more than 10,000 military and civilian lawyers across the Department. Robert Gates, Secretary of Defense under both George W. Bush and Barack Obama, said that Johnson "proved to be the finest lawyer I ever worked with in government—a straightforward, plain-speaking man of great integrity, with common sense to burn and a good sense of humor"
37. Central Intelligence Agency The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is one of the principal intelligence-gathering agencies of the United States federal government. The CIA's headquarters is in Langley, Virginia, a few miles west of Washington, D.C.Its employees operate from U.S. embassies and many other locations around the world.The only independent U.S. intelligence agency, it reports to the Director of National Intelligence.
38. About the CIA Originally created during WW2 as the OSS (Office of Strategic Services) Budget of 14.7 Billion dollars annually. CIA employs about 21,000 individuals, although the number is officially classified. https://www.cia.gov/careers/opportunities http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/national/black-budget/
39. What does the CIA do? The Central Intelligence Agency has 3 main jobs. Gathers information about foreign governments, corporations and people Analyzes the information the CIA gathers as well as the information that other intelligence agencies gather. Upon request by the President of the United States, carry out or support covert activities and tactical operations on foreign soil. This is carried out by the Special Activities Division
40. Issues in the CIA Extraordinary Rendition -Capture and transfer of someone from one country to another outside the legal system http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/rendition701/video/video_index.html Some reports of experimentation on people who did not agree to that experimentation Reports of “enhanced interrogation” or “torture” during the war on terror. Senate had a classified report on torture created and has voted to release the information, once the White House redacts some information from the report http://theweek.com/article/index/259538/speedreads-watch-the-daily-show-catch-up-with-bush-cheney-and-rumsfeld-post-cia-torture-report
41. North Korea North Korea Explained https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRTjHJ93UYg&list=PLMs_JcuNozJYGiolArnu7ACeVc7qOn8Dq http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/secret-state-of-north-korea/
42. Russia and Ukraine What has happened recently? Gunmen have captured government buildings in Eastern Ukraine The Mayor of a town in Eastern Ukraine was shot in the back. US has expanded sanctions against Russia Russia complained that Ukraine is building up military near Eastern Ukraine Vladimir Putin called the internet a “CIA Project” And hundreds of men in military fatigues shouting "Russia!" attacked a 1,000-strong rally for Ukrainian unity in Donetsk, using batons, bricks, iron bars, and stun grenades to beat and injure dozens of peaceful marchers.