The Immune System

1. The Immune System

2. Basic Vocab. Disease • ___________- any change that disrupts the normal functions of the body. • __________- Disease-causing agents; such as; viruses, bacteria, protists, worms, fungi • _______________-diseases caused by pathogens • _________– triggers immune response (bad guys) • _______– protein; destroys pathogens (good guys) Pathogen Infectious Diseases Antigen Antibody

3. How Diseases are Spread Physical Contact • _______________– transmitted when a healthy person touches a person with a disease. • _______________- transmitted through bodily fluids • _____________- through the air or by touching objects that have been infected and than touching your nose or mouth. Sexual Contact Indirect contact

4. How Diseases are Spread • Some behaviors can help to control transmission of diseases. Such as covering your mouth with a tissue when you cough, & wash your hands

5. How Diseases are Spread Contaminated Food and Water • __________________________– caused by eating food containing pathogens or drinking un-sanitized water. • ________________- Vectors carry diseases like Lyme disease, West Nile virus, & rabies Infected Animals

6. Immune System • The Immune system is the body’s primary defense against pathogens. 4 Nonspecific Defenses: • Not directed against any one pathogen, guards against all infections. • Skin • Mouth & Respiratory Passages • Inflammation • Fever

7. Skin • Most important nonspecific defense • Few pathogens can penetrate that tough layer of __________ protein (dead skin) at the skins outer surface keratin

8. 2. Mouth & Respiratory Passages • Millions of microorganisms enter each day • Passages leading to lungs are coated with________ • Mucus traps airborne pathogens • Swept into the ______________ to be destroyed mucus digestive system

9. 3. Inflammation • Occurs when _________ do enter the body (usually through skin); Blood vessels near wound expand; WBC leak from the vessels to invade the infected tissues; ____________(wbc) engulf and destroy them; Infected tissue may become swollen and painful pathogens Phagocytes

11. White blood cell chasing bacteria • When a wound breaks human skin, it creates a gateway for harmful pathogens to invade human cells. • Neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell, live in human blood vessels. • When pathogens invade a human cell, neutrophils travel to the infection site to destroy the invading pathogen. The first step in this process is engulfing the pathogen. • Once the neutrophil has completely surrounded the pathogen, it produces an oxidant, hypochlorous acid. Hypochlorous acid is a biocide, meaning it kills organic material. Once produced by the neutrophil, it kills the bacteria almost instantly.

12. 4. Fever Pathogen • ____________ has spread • Immune System releases chemicals that increase the _______________ • Pathogens can only survive within a narrow temperature range body’s temp

13. Specific Defenses • Attacks the particular disease causing agents • 2 types Antibody & T cells

14. Antibody Immunity • Antigens stimulate production of ______________. • Antibody has two binding sites which are specific in a particular antigen antibodies

15. antibody • An antibody matches an antigen much as a key matches a lock. Whenever antigen and antibody interlock, the ___________ marks the antigen for _____________ destruction

17. Lymphocytes • White blood cells • One group called B cells • Another group called T cells

18. B cells bone marrow • Mature in ______________ • Produce antibodies • as B cells develop, antibody genes in each rearrange themselves in different ways. • When complete, immune system contains millions of B cells each capable of producing a slightly different antibody. • shot of weakened or killed pathogens to stimulate production of antibodies. Vaccine-

20. T-Cells Three types: ____________- track down and ________ pathogens & foreign tissue ___________- ________ pathogen & send message to Killer T _____________– turns ____ the immune response Killer T destroy identify Helper T Suppressor T off

21. HIV/AIDS • __________- infects, weakens, and gradually destroys the helper T cells. • ____________- cells are responsible for the rejection of tissue transplants Killer T

22. Immune Disorders • Allergies- overreaction of the immune system to an antigen in the environment • Autoimmune Diseases- immune system makes mistakes and attacks its own cells • Multiple sclerosis- attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers • Rheumatoid Arthritis- antibodies attack connective tissues around the joints • Type 1 Diabetes- antibodies attack the insulin producing cells of the pancreas

24. Chapter 36 – Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular Systems THE HUMAN BODY

25. II. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM skin • The integumentary system is composed of the ______ and its accessory structures, including _____, _______, and the ________ found in the skin. The skin is the ________ organ of the human body. hair nails glands largest

26. A. Function barrier against pathogens, • Protection – Provides a _______________________ ____________________________. • Sensory Information • Regulationof Body Temperature • Vitamin Production – The skin produces Vitamin ___ when exposed to __________ which is important for _________________. UV light, dehydration sunlight D strong bones

27. B. Structure – The skin is composed of 3 layers: 1. Epidermis – Outermost layer of skin composed of __________ tissue. There are two parts to the epidermis: a. Basal Layer – Contains cells that are actively going through ________. As new cells are produced, older cells are _______________________. These cells produce keratin, a __________________. There are also cells in the basal layer called melanocytes which produce _________ , a ___________ pigment that protects the skin from _________. epithelial mitosis pushed toward surface waterproof protein melanin dark brown UV light

28. die dead • b. Outer Layer – As the epidermal cells get pushed away from blood vessels, they _______, so the outermost epidermal layer consists of ______ cells filled with ________ that are eventually ________________. keratin sloughed off

29. collagen elastin 2. Dermis – Inner, thicker layer of skin contains ________ for strength and ________ for elasticity. Structures found in the dermis include: • Blood vessels – Provide ____ and _________ to cells; remove _____. Also help to maintain a constant body temperature. Heat can be conserved when blood vessels near the surface of the skin _________, or heat can be released when blood vessels _______. b. Hair follicles - _________occurs in follicle to produce hair. Hair consists of _____ cells filled with _________. Small, ________ muscles are attached to each follicle that __________ to pull hairs upright when stimulated by __________ glucose O2 CO2 constrict dilate Mitosis dead keratin smooth contract cold, fear

30. protect c. Nail follicles – Produced in same manner as hair. Purpose of nails is to ________ fingertips and toetips. d. Sensory receptors - Transmit information to the ______ and ___________. e. Glands – There are two types of glands located in the dermis: 1)Oil – Produce oil to _____________ 2) Sweat - ___________ of the perspiration produced by these glands requires energy in the form of _____, which is drawn from the skin and results in cooling. brain spinal cord lubricate skin Evaporation heat

31. Connective fat 3. Hypodermis - ___________ tissue specialized to store ___.

33. 1. Functions of the Skeletal System a. Support – Provides a framework that supports the body b. Protection – Protects many _______ from mechanical injury c. Movement – Movement occurs when _________ muscles attached to bones contract. organs skeletal

34. calcium d. Blood Cell Formation e. Storage a. Minerals – Storage site for ________ & ______________. b. FatADD TO NOTES phosphorus

35. II. Bone StructureA. Embryonic Development • Embryo skeleton is composed entirely of cartilage. • The process of converting cartilage to bone requires the addition of calcium, Ca2++. This process, ossification, is not completed until after birth. The adult skeleton is completely composed of bone, except for nose and ears and discs between vertebrae

36. B. Bone Structure organ B. Bone is an ______ composed of living tissue. It is surrounded by a tough layer of ____________ tissue called the ___________. connective periosteum

37. support lightweight support • Compact Bone – Outer bone. Dense, almost solid tissue that provides ________. 2. Spongy Bone – Less dense, porous tissue provides __________________. The spaces are filled with soft tissue called ________. There are two types of bones marrow: a. Red Marrow - Location of blood cell production including all ____ blood cells, _________, and most ______ blood cells. b. Yellow Marrow – Site of _____ storage. marrow red platelets white fat

38. IV. Skeletal System Damage • Osteoporosis – Associated with ___________. Characterized by loss of ____________ which results in increased risk of fracture • Scoliosis - ________ curvature of the spine • Arthritis - Inflammation of the _______. Caused by wear and tear on _________ cushioning the joints. older women bone mass Lateral joints cartilage

41. IV. MUSCULAR SYSTEM The primary function of the muscular system is to produce __________. The contraction of muscle tissue requires _____, so muscles are constantly carrying out __________________ and have a large number of ______________. movement ATP cellular respiration mitochondria

42. A. Muscles Individual muscle cells are called muscle ______. All humans have the ______ number of fibers. Muscle bulk occurs because of ___________ of muscle fibers, not an increase in the number of muscle cells. fibers same thickening

43. B. Muscle Types Voluntary striated 1. Skeletal Muscle - __________, _______ muscle cells that fuse together to form a _______________ muscle fiber. Muscle fibers are arranged end-to-end to produce strong contractions. If the oxygen supply to muscle cells is depleted, they can switch to _____________________ for energy production multinucleated lactic acid fermentation

44. Involuntary striated heart 2. Cardiac Muscle - ___________, _________ muscle cells found only in the ______, with each cell having its own nucleus. Cardiac muscle cells are arranged in chains that lattice together. When the muscle contracts, the entire lattice of cells contracts together producing a powerful contraction.

45. Involuntary smooth 3. Smooth Muscle - __________, ________ muscle cells. Smooth muscle contractions are slow and prolonged. Found in the _________________________________________________ digestive system, urinary bladder, blood vessels

47. C. Skeletal Muscle Function tendons 1. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tough bands of tissue called ____________. Every muscle has at least 2 tendons, each attached to a different bone: a.origin – muscle attachment site(s) that ______________ b.insertion – bone that is __________________. For example, the _____________ has ________ attaching it to the ________ and the________ The origin is the ________ and the insertion is the _______. does not move moved by contraction biceps brachii tendons scapula radius scapula radius

48. appendicular 2. Skeletal muscles attached to the bones of the _____________ skeleton work in opposing pairs. a. flexor – muscle that causes limb to ______ at _____. b. extensor – muscle that causes limb to __________ at ______. For example, contraction of the biceps brachii ______ the arm so it acts as the flexor; while contraction of the triceps brachii ____________ the arm so it is the extensor. bend joint straighten joint bends straightens