Chapter 8:

1. Chapter 8: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood

2. Theories of Social and Personality Development Psychoanalytic Perspectives Freud: gain control over bodily functions and renegotiate parent relationships • Anal Stage • Phallic Stage

3. Theories of Social and Personality DevelopmentPsychoanalytic Perspectives Erikson: agreed with Freud with added focus on social skill development • Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt • Initiative versus Guilt

4. Personality and Self-ConceptMe, myself, and more Components of Self-Concept

5. Gender Development Explanations and Theory: • Psychoanalytic Explanations • Social-Cognitive Explanations • Gender Schema Theory

6. Gender DevelopmentGender Concept Sequence Gender understanding develops in stages: • Gender identity • Gender stability • Gender constancy

7. Figure 8.2 Gender Stereotyping in a Child’s Drawing “This is how I will look when I grow up.” What is this five-year-old conveying about her understanding of gender?

8. Self and Gender Concept

9. Gender DevelopmentSex-Role Knowledge What are the stereotypes?

10. Gender DevelopmentSex-Typed Behavior Sex-type behavior: Develops earlier than ideas about gender Learned from older same-sex children Learned differently by gender

11. Figure 8.3 Gender and Playmate Preferences How would you structure preschooler play opportunities?

12. Parenting Styles Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Diana Baumrind

13. Figure 8.4 Control, Acceptance, Parenting Style

14. Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Authoritarian Parenting Characteristics High levels of demand and control Low levels of warmth and communication Child Consequences Good school performance Lower self-esteem and less peer interaction skills Some subdued; others highly aggressive

15. Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Permissive Parenting Characteristics High in warmth and communication Low in demand and control Child Consequences Poor adolescent school performance More aggressive and immature Less responsible and independent

16. Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Authoritative Parenting Characteristics High in warmth and communication High in demand and control Child Consequences Higher self-esteem, independence, and altruism More parental compliance Self-confident and achievement-oriented Better school performance

17. Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Uninvolved Parenting Characteristics Low in levels of demand and control Low in levels of warmth and communication Child Consequences Disturbances in social relationships More impulsive and antisocial in adolescence Less competent with peers Much less achievement-oriented in school

18. Figure 8.5 Parenting Style and Grades

19. Parenting Patterns

20. Family Relationships and StructureEffects of Parenting Styles: Spanking Most parents believe spanking effective if used sparingly • Short-term effects • Long-term effects • Premack’s principle

21. Is “authoritative” always best? Authoritative pattern • Positive outcomes seen in all ethnic groups • More common in white families and middle class • Usually more common among intact families • Least common among Asian Americans

22. Figure 8.6 Social Class, Ethnicity, and Parenting Style

23. Ethnicity, Socio-Economic Status and Parenting Styles Authoritarian pattern in Asian American families • High levels of school achievement in Asian American children • Economic success • Maintenance of ethnic identity

24. Ethnicity, Socio-Economic Status and Parenting Styles Authoritarian pattern in African American families • Enhances children’s potential for self-control and success • Prepares children to deal with social forces such as racism that impede social success • Reduces use of substance abuse

25. ? ? Questions To Ponder What kind of parenting style was used to raise you? What effects did it have on your development? What style will you use as a parent?

26. Family Relationships and Structure Family Structure: Diversity in Two-Parent and Single-Parent Families • Only 70% of U.S. children lived with both biological parents in 2007. • Many children from two-parent families have experienced single-parenting. • 2% of U.S. children live with custodial grandparents.

27. Ethnicity and U.S. Family Types Figure 8.7 Ethnicity and Family Structure

28. Family Structure and EthnicitySingle Parents Family Structure: Single-Parent Families More common among African Americans and Native Americans Single mothers are less likely to marry. Grandparents and other relatives traditionally help support single mothers. Some single mothers are financially secure.

29. Family Relationships and StructureOther Types of Family Structures Custodial Grandparents • Aging and parenting stress cause anxiety and depression. Gay and Lesbian Parents • No expressed social or cognitive developmental differences between the children of gay and lesbian parents and the children of heterosexual couples.

30. Family Relationships and StructureDivorce: Impact on Children

31. Peer RelationshipsKinds of Play Successful play associated with development of social skills

32. Can you define two types of aggression? Aggression: Behavior intended to hurt another or object • Instrumental • Hostile

33. Prosocial Behavior and Friendships Prosocial behavior: Actions that benefit or help another person • Development of prosocial behavior increases during preschool years. • Parental influences affect children’s empathy.