大学英语 跨文化交际

1. 大学英语跨文化交际 Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns 黑龙江大学外语部

2. Quotation • Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart. — Confucius

3. In this chapter, the teacher should enable the students to: 1. understand the definition of cultural patterns. 2. describe the components of cultural patterns. summarize the theory about cultural patterns. 4. evaluate the importance of cultural patterns. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Learning Objectives

4. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Cultural Patterns Definition Components Edward T Hall’s Context - Culture Theory Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientation Ways of Thinking Beliefs Individualism and Collectivism High-context Human Nature Values Ways of Acting Low-context Person-Nature Uncertainty Avoidance Norms Time Social Practices Power distance Activity Masculinity – Femininity Relational Chapter Outline Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Variability

5. Lead-in Case: Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Marriage and Social status Please read case and then discuss the questions in pairs. 1. Why did Shaeed quit the idea of marrying the Indonesian young lady, even though they loved each other very much? 2. In what way did the Indonesian young lady’s mother refuse Shaheed’s mother’s marriage proposal? And what did she mean by serving bananas with the tea? 3. How does this case reflect the ways of Indonesian communication?

6. Text A Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Defining Cultural Patterns 1. Ways of thinking Cultural patterns are shared mental programs that govern specific behavior choices.. 2. Ways of acting Cultural patterns are not so much consciously taught as unconsciously experienced as a by-product of day-to-day activities.

7. Text B Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Social Practices Beliefs Cultural Patterns Components of Cultural Patterns Values Norms

8. A belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world. For example: 1) a widely shared belief dates back to the time when Europeans believed that the earth was flat 2) a belief for many European Americans is that in “reality” there is a separation between the physical and spiritual worlds. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Beliefs

9. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Values Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.

10. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Norms • Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors. • Norms may change over a period of time, whereas beliefs and values tend to be much more enduring.

11. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Social Practices Social practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow. Thus, social practices are the outward manifestations of beliefs, values, and norms.

12. Text C Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Edward T. Hall’s Context-Culture Theory 1. The definition of context: “the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the mean­ing of the event.” 2. Categorization of high-context culture and low-context culture depending on the degree to which meaning comes from the set­tings or from the words being exchanged.

13. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns High-Context Culture • “A high context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the infor­mation is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmit­ted part of the message. Tea Ceremony

14. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Low-Context Culture • A low context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code.” An American standing on chair in restaurant giving speech at his leaving his hometown

15. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Cultures Arranged Along the High-Context and Low-Context Dimension • High-Context Cultures • Japanese • Chinese • Korean • African American • Native American • Arab • Greek • Latin • Italian • English • French • American • Scandinavian • German • German-Swiss • Lower-Context Cultures

16. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Case Analysis - “wrong signals” • 1. What is the problem shown in this case? • 2. Why did Ning Tong keep silent? • What information do you think he wanted to convey? • 3. Why did Tom get so angry? • What is his interpretation of Ning Tong’s silence?

17. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns What’s the values reflected in the following proverbs? • Blood is thicker than water. • Time is money. • A man’s house is his castle. • The early bird catches the worm. • 人之初，性本善。 • 天人感应。 • 一人得道，鸡犬升天。 • 以人为鉴，可以明得失； • 以史为鉴，可以知兴替。

18. Text D Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Hindu ethics Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientation 1. Human Nature Orientation 2. Person-Nature Orientation 3. Time Orientation 4. Activity Orientation 5. Relational Orientation

19. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns 1. Human Nature Orientation (1) Humans are evil but changeable, (2) Humans are evil and unchangeable, (3) Humans are neutral with respect to good and evil, (4) Humans are a mixture of good and evil, (5) Humans are good but changeable, and (6) Humans are good and unchangeable. Evil but perfectible Good but corruptible

20. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns 2. Person-Nature Orientation (1) Mastery with Nature （注：图片为愚公移山） (2) Harmony with Nature （注：图片为中药材） (3) Subjugation to Nature （注：图片为印尼海啸） mastery with nature subjugation to nature Harmony with Nature Mastery with Nature

21. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns 3. Time Orientation a.Value - Past Orientation b. Value - Present Orientation c. Value - Future Orientation

22. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns 4. Activity Orientation • a. Value - Doing Orientation • b. Value - Being Orientation • c. Value - Being-in-Becoming Orientation

23. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns 5. Relational orientation • a. Value - Individualism Orientation • b. Value - Lineality Orientation • c. Value - Collaterality Orientation

24. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Exploring Ideas • What would you add or change to more accurately express the Chinese orientation to relation? • Is the relational orientation changing? • What is your evidence?

25. Text E Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Hofstede’s cultural dimensions 1. Individualism v.s. Collectivism 2. Uncertainty Avoidance 3. Power Distance 4. Masculinity v.s. Femininity

26. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns 1. Individualism versus collectivism The characteristics of cultures that value individualism • People’s personal goals take priority over their groups like the family or the employer. • The loyalty of individualists to a given group is very weak. • People feel they belong to many groups and are apt to change their membership as it suits them, switching churches, for example, or leaving one employer for another. ----Daniel Goleman

27. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns 2. Uncertainty avoidance • Uncertainty avoidance deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty. • Hofstede summarizes the view of people in high uncertainty avoidance cultures as “what is different, is dangerous,” and the belief of people in low uncertainty avoidance cultures as “what is different, is curious”.

28. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns 3. Power Distance • Power distance is “the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally”. • How do you interpret the relationship between the following pairs in both high and low power distance culture ? . parents-children . teacher-student . boss-employee

29. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns 4. Masculinity and femininity • In masculine cultures both man and women are relatively tough, and social gender roles are clearly distinct. Men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success, whereas women are supposed to be more modest, tender and concerned with the quality of life. • In feminine cultures social gender roles overlap. In these cultures, no one should fight and no one should be too ambitious. Everyone should be concerned with maintaining good relationships with others. Both men and women are sup­posed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life.

30. Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Exploring Ideas How do you explain the significantly lower score for Hong Kong as compared to Taiwan and Singapore on Hofstede’s Ranking of Forty Countries or Regions on Masculinity and Femininity?

31. Thank you!