The Effects of Temporal Variation in Upper Ocean Processes on Benthic Boundary Layer Biology and Material Flux

1. Doug Schillinger The Effects of Temporal Variation in Upper Ocean Processes on Benthic Boundary Layer Biology and Material Flux Paul Snelgrove Anna Metaxas Claudio DiBacco Don Deibel Verena Tunnicliffe Benthos Larvae Hyperbenthos Bioturbation Microbial processes Boundary layer flow Sediment /material flux Phil Archambault Gaston Desrosiers Kim Juniper Grant Ferris Alex Hay Brian Bornhold Paul Hill

2. The Big Questions Craig Smith – Equatorial Pacific Abyssal Plain • How does material flux (quality and quantity) through canyon systems relate to boundary layer flow on daily, seasonal, and event-driven (e.g. slumping) time scales? • How does flux of organic material (quality, quantity mean and variance) through canyon systems influence faunal response (community structure, spawning, bioturbation) of benthos, hyperbenthos, larvae, and microbes on daily to event-driven (e.g. slumping) and extended (e.g. regime shift) time scales? • How does upper water column variability influence • deep-sea systems on multiple time scales?

3. Atmosphere Atmosphere Water Column Group Response Variables Response Variables Biodiversity Biodiversity • • Biogeochemistry Biogeochemistry • • Functional Ecology Functional Ecology • • BIOSPHERE BIOSPHERE Hydrosphere Hydrosphere Predictive Variables Predictive Variables Climatic & Oceanographic Variability (multiple temporal & spatial scales) (multiple temporal & spatial scales) Benthic Group Hyperbenthos Hyperbenthos Lithosphere Lithosphere Epibenthos Epibenthos Infauna Infauna

4. Sample Questions • How do the HBZ, larvae, benthos and material flux respond to seasonal and spin-off eddy driven variability in Barkley Canyon, and do episodic changes in the physical regime strongly influence material flux and biological response? • *Do these topographic features support a specialized HBZ and benthic fauna, enhanced biomass, larger individuals, differences in feeding mode and activity, and a source of organisms (e.g. larvae) for adjacent environments? • *Are HBZ and benthic faunal responses to flux events in shallower areas more rapid than in deeper areas, and are there any structural differences in the response (e.g. types of species, diversity etc.) and time lags? • *Note that low level of instrumentation will make this question primarily surface ship sampling based for biological responses.

7. Barkley Shelf RDI ADCP (600 kHz) Nortek HR Aquadopp (2 MHz) Kongsberg Rotary SONAR (675 kHz fanbeam) Boundary layer measurements PanTilt Video Megafauna, bioturbation, seabed features Plankton Pump Zooplankton abundance Sediment trap Larval, zooplankton & particle flux

8. Barkley Canyon • RDI ADCP (150 kHz) • Nortek HR Aquadopp (2 MHz) • Kongsberg Rotary SONAR (675 kHz fanbeam) Boundary layer measurements • Sediment Trap • Plankton Pump Larval, zooplankton & particle flux Megafauna, bioturbation, seabed features,colonization • PanTilt Video • Delta T Multibeam SONAR • Hi-Res Camera system Hydrographic properties & particulate characterization • CTD • *Fluorometer • Microbial package Microbial metabolism +Pod 3 West *Pod 4 East

9. Barkley Axis Nortek HR Aquadopp (2 MHz) Boundary layer measurements Kongsberg Rotary SONAR (675 kHz fanbeam) Seabed features, bioturbation Hydrophone Slumping, turbidity currents Megafauna, bioturbation, seabed features PanTilt Video

10. Sampling Scheme ADCP, Aquadopp CTD/Fluorometer/Eh Hydrophone Continuous sampling Scheduled by DMAS Scheduled by instrument 675 kHz Rotary SONAR Delta T SONAR Low light video Digital Still Sediment trap Plankton Pump

11. Event Detection: Triggers • Change in mean current • Change in hydrological properties • High than normal backscatter • Higher than normal fl • Slumping detected via hydrophone ADCP, Aquadopp CTD/Fluorometer/Eh Hydrophone

12. Event Detection: Outcomes 675 kHz Rotary SONAR Delta T SONAR Low light video Digital Still • Change duty cycle • Increase sampling duration • Unlikely to change parameters (e.g. range, resolution) • Trigger start of new sample • Wait for end of “event” and start new sample Sediment trap Plankton Pump

13. Event Detection: External Triggers Currents from Water Column Meteorological data (inferred) Distant Hydrophones Tsunami • Storm • Internal waves • Tsunami • Slumping i.e. need access to other water column & BPR array data

14. currents • bs amp. • Ancillary • Temperature • Salinity • Density • SSL • SONAR images • Video • Digital Stills • Eh Data Time series Profile contours Rectified images TS Plots DMAS processing (immediate) Movies Bedform data Sediment/scatter concentration Scientific post processing (1 year +, requires post-doc) • Image analysis • Bedform analysis • PUV Lab analysis (cruise dependent +6 months) Analysis of discrete samples (size distribution, content etc.) • Plankton samples • Sediment samples

15. Maintenance & Calibration • Require removal of entire pod, including JB every 6-12 months for inspection: • Bulkhead connectors for delamination • Pressure case for pitting and corrosion • Cables and in line connectors for wear • Bio fouling • Require recovery of samples every 6-12 months • Need frame alignment on deployment and recovery • May place objects at known distance, use calibration sheet for cameras

16. Maintenance & Calibration Possible return to SBE for calibration CTD Eh Replace expired sensor 675 kHz Rotary SONAR Delta T SONAR Low light video Digital Still Calibration using ROPOS Sediment trap Plankton Pump Samples Recovered

17. Preliminary publications • Methodological papers on event detection • Summary of mean/initial conditions Ways to foster collaboration and future initiatives • Get data flowing • Supply travel expenses to groups to showcase data, budget for staff to manage/process data? • Post-docs, students to handle the data