医学史简论（ 6) A Brief History of Medicine

医学史简论（6) A Brief History of Medicine 浙江大学医学院余海 Zhejiang University School of Medicine

Presentation (1) March 29 Wed • I. Thai Confinement1. Ting Mei Hua (3160300558)2. Trakullapphan Nattanit (3160300559)3. Thungcharoenkhun Metini (3160300561)4. Uampoom Supichaya (3160300567)5. Wuttiprasert Nipaporn (3160300591)6. Sangket Nattaya (3160300595)7. Ratanakreetakul Chotisa (3160300596)8. Jantamontri Angsutorn (3160300642) • II. Siddha medicine • 1. Ramachandran Arjun 3160300628 • 2. Venkatesan surya 3160300624 • 3. poovarasu dharanee 3160300621 • 4. Uma 3160300546 • 5. Jayaraj 3160300544 • 6. Clemant Ashin Daniel 3160300605 III. The Medicine in Islam 1. Abier Eltayieb 3160300552 2. Rim Bakran 3160300576 3. Ouwais Alkhateb 3160300620 4. Mohamed Miskin 3160300632 5. Omar Abdelkhalek 3160300579 6. Areg Moqbel 3160300569 7. Esraa Abdulhadi 3160300550 8. Al Shaban Noor Addin 3160300582 IV．Siamese Twins • Konthanasak Thachita 3160300616 • Chayanit 3160300557 • Sippakorn 3160300568 • Vasin 3160300641 • Nalinee 3160300640

Presentation (2)March 31 Fri I. Malaria • Priyansh Thakor 3160300631 • Rahmani Wasit Ahmad 3160300594 • Sanket Dixit 3160300570 • Jinu Christopher 3160300612 • Lakme Silva 3160300636 • Thinu Harini 3160300637 • Fardeen Sayfoo 3160300562 • Aditi Marathe 3160300614 • Takal Abdifatah Roble 3160300629 • Ibrahim Khan 3160300611 II．History on process of mummification • MUALPRASITPORN KHETSOPON- 3160300573 • MUALPRASITPORN KANJANAPON- 3160300572 • SIRIMAITRITRAKUL APICHAYA-3160300585 • SRITOURNOK PATHARAMON- 3160300639 • RUNGARUNSIRICHOKE SAKATTHAPHON- 3160300623 III．History of Surgery • William Mochtar(陈福辉）-3160300587 • Soheib Albaurum -3160300592 • Amro Bintaleb -3160300609 • Abdishakur -3160300604 • Franko Shehaj -3160300574 IV．Herbal Medicine • Zahraa.Sh.Hmood 3160300551 • Ahmed Jasim 3160300554 • Hogr Mohammed Ismael 3160300548 • MOHAMMED IMAD RASHEED 3160300584 V. The history of dentistry • Saif Samar (553) • Beulah Carolin (602) • Mariya (601) • Humairah (560) • Shahad (566) • Farin (583) • Neema (575)

Presentation (3) April 5 I Ayurvedic Medicine • Paimpallil Joseph Aiswarya-3160300635 • Jothilingham Niharika- 3160300600 • Kajahussain Nisarya-3160300627 • T. Gnanasuruthi- 3160300545 • Thanisha Joby-3160300634 • Swathi selvakumar-3160300638 • Sanjay Kumar-3160300603 II．History of Mental Health • Omer Alghamdi 3160300607 • Hamza Hussein 3160300565 • Jason Christianto Putra 3160300599 • Ali Hezam 3160300590 • Khulood Neama 3160300617 • Dilame Shiferaw 3160300610 • Dinah Oktalailia 3160300618 • Salsabilatul Azizah 3160300619 III．History of Psychiatry • NAMITHA : 3160300543 • JEBANESAN ABEL ARNOLD : 3160300622 • HANEIN NABEEL MAJEED : 3160300564 • ARUTHDHA SREE NEEVANANDAM : 3160300581 • RAJA HARISH :3160300547 • ZAYA ARIUNBOLD : 3160300626 • KOZHIKKODAN MALIYEKKEL NAJAB : 3160300630 IV. Smallpox • DIANA 3160300593 • SOHAIB 3160300606 • OMED 3160300586 • FAISAL 3160300571 V. Discovery of germ cells 1. Zhu Ziyue 3160300549 2. Illham Jamali 3160300598

Two people not in any groups • Hyyani Ibtissam 3160300608 • Chowdhury Shamia 3160300615

Origin of Medicine EgyptBabylon IndiaChina Greece Rome Medieval Arabicmedicine Renaissance Pre-modern medicine Modern medicine TCM Western Medicine

Premodern Medicine: background 1642-1651 English Civil War (revolution)Replacement of English monarchy with the Commonwealth of England, then with a Protectorate under Lord of Protector Olive Cromwell，James IIrestoration of monarch（1660），William III(Prince of Orange) and Mary II overthrew James II, “Glorious Revolution”(1688） “The Bill of Rights” was passed and established constitutional monarchy（1689） 1649.1.30 Oliver Cromwell Trial and execution of Charles I for treason

Premodern Medicine: background French revolution "Liberty leading the people" The tripod

近代医学发展的影响因素：资产阶级革命 French Revolution 1789-1799 Liberty， Equality，Fraternity Storming of Bastille 1793.1.21 Execution of Louis XVI with the guillotine January 21, 1793

Pre-modern Medicine: Industrial revolution The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, mining, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human society; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. Steam power - James Watt improved steam engine provided powerful energy for industrial revolutin 瓦特1736-1819 James Watt

Pre-modern Medicine: Industrial revolution 火车 Locomotive 轮船 Steamer boat (George Stephenson 1781-1848) and his locomotive（1829）

近代医学发展的影响因素：工业革命 The starting point-textile industry 珍妮纺纱机Spinner Jenny

Pre-modern Medicine: Scientific revolution Laws of Motion: First law: Law of Inertia Second law F=ma Third law: Action=Reaction Universal Gravitation First law: If there is no net force on an object, then its velocity is constant. The object is either at rest (if its velocity is equal to zero), or it moves with constant speed in a single direction.[ Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F acting on the body, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass m of the body, i.e., F = ma. Third law: When a first body exerts a force F1 on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force F2 = −F1 on the first body. This means that F1 and F2 are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Isaac Newton 1642-1727

Pre-modern Medicine: Scientific thinking & methodology (“Enlightenment”)Descartes' rationalism and Bacon's empiricism had to be combined to produce the modern scientific method 培根Francis Bacon 1561-1626 According to Bacon, scientists should experiment freely and collect facts about everything in the world, until in due time the accumulation of facts would make clear the way nature behaves. From the storehouse of accumulated facts, scientists would induce the laws of nature. (inductive methodology ) Knowledge itself is power 笛卡儿Rene Descartes 1596-1650 According to Descartes, scientists should deduce the laws of nature by pure reason, starting from the axioms of mathematics and our knowledge of the existence of God. Experiments needed to be done only to verify that the logical deduction of the laws of nature was correct. (deductive methodology) His aphorism is I think therefore I am

Pre-modern medicine: chemical school （Iatrochemie） • Flemish physician, philosopher, mystic, and chemist • van Helmont demonstrated that acid was the digestive element in the stomach and was neutralized by alkali in the intestine and that blood combined with a “ferment from the air”. • His theory of “ferments” as the agents bringing about physiological processes is a crude precursor of the idea of enzymes (fermentum). Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580 -1644)

Pre-modern medicine: chemical school （Iatrochemie） He was professor of medicine at the University of Leiden, Holland He believes that all life and disease processes are based on chemical actions. That school of thought attempted to understand medicine in terms of universal rules of physics and chemistry. Sylvius also introduced the concept of chemical affinity as a way to understand the way the human body uses salts and contributed greatly to the understanding of digestion and of bodily fluids. Franciscus Sylvius (1614-1672)

Pre-modern medicine: physical school （Iatrophysics） Alfonso Borelli 1608-1679 Italian physiologist, physicist and mathematician father of modern biomechanics

Pre-modern medicine: physical school （Iatrophysics） French physician and philosopher, materialists of the enlighterment. He is best known for his work L’homme machine (Man a machine published anonymously 1747), wherein he claimed that human beings were machines. 。 Julien Offray de La Mettrie 美特里 1709-1751 Wheel gear spring lever bearing glider

Three major discoveries of 19th century • 能量守恒和转化定律 The Law of Energy Conservation • 生物进化论 The Evolution • 细胞学说的建立 The Cell Theory

能量守恒和转化定律 Sanctorius (1561-1636）Italian physiologist, professor of Padua For a period of thirty years Sanctorius weighed himself, everything he ate and drank, as well as his urine and feces. He compared the weight of what he had eaten to that of his waste products, the latter being considerably smaller. He produced his theory of insensible perspiration as an attempt to account for this difference. Weighing Chair

The Law of Energy Conservation Geman physician and physicist and one of the founders of thermodynamics. In 1841 he made the original statements of the conservation of energy or the first versions of the first law of thermodynamics: “Energy can be neither created nor destroyed” In 1842, Mayer described the vital chemical process now referred to as oxidation as the primary source of energy for any living creature. His achievements were overlooked and priority for the discovery of the mechanical equivalent of heat was attributed to James Joule in the following year. He also proposed that plants convert light into chemical energy. Julius Robert von Mayer (1814-1878)

The Law of Energy Conservation James Joule （1818-1889） English physicist and brewer He studied the nature of heat and discovered its relationship to mechanical work (mechanical heat equivalent)，confirmed the law of conservation of energy, which led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics

Evolution All species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors, through the process he called natural selection. In modern evolutionary theory, Darwin’s scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, providing logical explanation for the diversity of life. Charles Robert Darwin English naturalist (1809-1882)

Evolution Charles Robert Darwin In his five-year (1831-1836) voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologistPuzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin investigated the transmutation of species and conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838。

达尔文雀Darwin’s Finches 加拉帕戈斯群岛Galapagos Islands 属厄瓜多尔，距南美大陆1000公里由23岛屿和组成，称“生物进化活博物馆” beak 加拉帕戈斯象龟 Galapagos Tortoise 共12亚种，平塔岛亚种“Longsome George” 2012.6.24 死亡 Eating cactuses (cacti)

On the Origin of Species established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature “The struggle for existence, Survival of the fittest” (物竞天择，适者生存) “I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection.” Published in 1859

He examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex(1871), followed by The Expression of the Emotion in Man and Animals (1872) Domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species

Evolution：Evidence from embryology Ernst Haeckel1834-1919 Recapitulation theory : an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species' entire evolutionary development, or phylogeny ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny fish, amphibians, reptiles, aves, mammalia, primate

Darwin 2009 commemorations • In the United Kingdom a special commemorative issue of the two pound coin shows a portrait of Darwin facing a chimpanzee surrounded by the inscription 1809 DARWIN 2009, with the edge inscription ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 1859 • In September 2008, the Church of England issued an article saying that the 200th anniversary of his birth was a fitting time to apologise to Darwin "for misunderstanding you and, by getting our first reaction wrong, encouraging others to misunderstand you still".[

The Cell Theory The discovery of plant cell (cork) and its naming Robert Hooke 1635-1702

The Cell Theory German botanist and co-founder of the cell theory, along with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow. He wrote Contributions to Phytogenesis (1838), in which he stated that the different parts of the plant organism are composed of cells (inductive) Matthias Schleiden 1804-1881

The Cell Theory In Microscopic Investigations on the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Plants and Animals (1839), in which he declared that "All living things are composed of cells and cell products." Thus cell theory was definitely constituted. Theodor Schwann 1810-1882 Schwann cell Myelin sheath

The Cell Theory Cells are the unit of structure, function and reproduction in living things. • Anything that is living is composed of cells • The chemical reactions of an organism occur in cells • All cells come from preexisting cells

The development of pathology: Organ pathology Giovanni Battista Morgagni 1682-1771 Italian anatomist, professor of Padua University, and he is celebrated as the father of the modern anatomical pathology

The development of pathology 1761 published De Sedibus et causis morborum per anatomem indagatis (On the seats and causes of diseases investigated by anatomy) Based on 70 letters containing the records of some 646 dissections, including the symptoms during the course of the malady and the conditions found after death. He made pathological anatomy a science, and diverted the course of medicine into new channels of exactness or precision

The development of pathology : Histopathology French anatomist and physiologist, is best remembered as the father of modern histology and pathology He dissected 600 cadavers/year, was the first to introduce the notion of tissue as distinct entities. He maintained that diseases attacked tissues rather than whole organs. Marie François Xavier Bichat1771-1802

The development of pathology : cellular pathology German doctor, anthropologist, public health activist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician, referred to as the “Father of Pathology,” and founded the field of social medicine. (duel challenged by Bismarck) Omnis cellula e cellula ("every cell originates from another existing cell like it.") which he published in 1858 First one who discovered leukemia Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow 1812-1902

Medical Terms named after Virchow Virchow's angle — The angle between the nasobasilar line and the nasosubnasal line. Virchow's disease — leontiasis ossium. Virchow's line — a line from the root of the nose to the lambda. Virchow's method of autopsy — A method of autopsy where each organ is taken out one by one. Virchow’s node— the presence of metastatic cancer in a lymph-node in the supraclavicular fossa (root of the neck left of the midline). Also known as Troisier’s sign. Virchow’s triad— factors contributing toward venous thrombus formation.

Nobel Prize and Modern Medicine

Alfred Nobel • Alfred Nobel born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm Sweden, was a chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite.Nobel held 355 different patents and amassed a sizeable personal fortune during his lifetime. In 1896 Nobel died of a stroke in San Remo, Italy. Alfred Nobel1833-1896 “The merchant of death is dead”

Nobel Prize • Nobel's will expressed a request that his money be used for prizes in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine and literature. • The Nobel Foundation was founded on 29 June 1900 specifically to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes. The first prizes were awarded on December 10 1901. • Norway's Nobel Committee is the awarder of the Peace Prize, while Sweden is the awarder of the other prizes. • Nobel Prize in Economics (the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel) started from 1969

Nobel Prize • The Nobel Prize includes a medal, a diploma and awarded money. • Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded by Karolinska Institute. • The prizes were conferred on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death in Stockholm and Oslo. The awards are bestowed at a gala ceremony followed by a banquet.

诺贝尔生理或医学奖 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine • Since late 19th century scientific medicine has emerged and developed, Nobel Prize witnesses each steps of its development, and covers almost all important events of modern medicine. • From 1901-2016, 107 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 211 people（40x1+33x2+35x3). There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942).

The First Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901 "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths“ (Pasteur d 1895) Emil Adolf von Behring 1854- 1917

Controversy of Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926 “for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma”（Fibiger‘s tumour） Johanne Fibiger, a Denish pathologist reported that an eelworm Spiroptera neoplastica can induce gastric cancer in 1925, and awarded Nobel Prize in 1926. But for 80 years his results have never been repeated. Johannes Fibiger 1867-1928

Discovery of Rous carcinoma virus • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966 "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses“ • 1911 Rous discovered that the filtrate of chicken sarcoma induced healthy chicken to get the same cancer（Rous sarcoma virus RSV）, but not recognized by science community, until1960s when various tumor-induced viruses were discovered. After 55 later（1966年）Rous at 87 ultimately awarded Nobel Prize.-longevity is important. Peyton Rous 1879－ 1970 One exception Ralph M Steinman

诺贝尔奖的遗憾 • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948 "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods" • Swiss chemist Paul Muller awarded 1948 Nobel Prize for his invention of effective insecticide 2,2-bis(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane （DDT）. But the chemist is difficultly dissolved cause serous environmental pollution. The Royal Sweden academy of Science admitted this is a mistake to award the prize to DDT inventor. Paul Hermann Müller 1899－1965

诺贝尔奖的遗憾 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949 "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses" Moniz invented a procedure prefrontal leucotomy to treat mental disorders. Because of serous side effect, the procedure was criticized widely and abandoned in 1950s. Manic type schizophrenia Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz. 1874－ 1955

Leucotomy in frontal lobe In 1945, American doctor Walter Freeman II invented ice-pick lobotomy）, more than 18000 people received this operation

医学史简论（ 6) A Brief History of Medicine