Lecture 1

1. Lecture 1 Entering  into speciality. Origin of medicine and pharmacy. Medicine of primitive line-up

2. Why do we begin to study from history? • History of our profession is part of human practice, experience and supervisions, which is named a culture. Medicine and pharmacy are old sciences. • History of medicine and pharmacy is history of accumulation of experience for prophylaxis and treatment of illnesses of humanity and animals, which is directed on a search and perfection of medications for a fight against illnesses, history of forming, becoming, development and functioning of pharmacy business.

3. History of medicine and pharmacy is one of sections of culture of humanity. • It examines the complex of knowledge’s about creation of medications, by development of enterprises of pharmacies. History helps correctly to understand the modern level of pharmacy and foresee the prospects of its development.

4. The sources of a history of medicine. 1. Written sources- the contents, which are transmitted with the plot of signs (manuscripts, printed sources, papyrus, ceramics and other). 2. Ware sources - most miscellaneous under the shape (instruments of a transactions, monuments, oddments of the people, medals, coins). 3. The ethnographic sources - phenomena of cultural life, are transmitted from breed for breed (solemnities, custom, songs, retellings). 4. A way of life modern tribes, which lived in the past epoch. 5. Photo and films - static and dynamic documents. 6. The phonodocuments- image the acoustical side of historical events.

5. The origin of the word "pharmacy" is generally ascribed to the Greek pharmakon ("remedy"). • It has been suggested that there is a connection with the egyptian term ph-ar-maki ("bestower of security"), which the god Thoth, patron of physicians, conferred as approbation on a ferryman who had managed a safe crossing. • The notion of an Egyptian origin has a certain romantic appeal, but in all likelihood the word "pharmacy" and its many cognates derive, like so many other scientific terms, from the Greek: - the art of preparing and dispensing drugs. - a place where drugs are sold; a drugstore. In this sense, also called apothecary.

6. Apothecary is an historical name for a medical practitioner who formulates and dispenses materia medica to physicians, surgeons and patients — a role now served by a pharmacist. • In addition to pharmacy the apothecary also offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed solely by other specialist practitioners, such as surgery and midwifery. Apothecaries often operated through a retail shop, which in addition to ingredients for medicines, would also sell tobacco and patent medicines.

7. From the 15th century the apothecary gained the status of a skilled practitioner, but by the end of the 19th century the medical professions had taken on their current institutional form, with defined roles for physicians and surgeons, and the role of the apothecary was more narrowly conceived as that of dispensing pharmacist.

8. In England, the apothecaries merited their own livery company, the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, founded in 1617. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson became the first woman to gain a medical qualification in Britain when she passed the Society's examination in 1865. Apothecaries used the now obsolete apothecaries' measure to provide precise weighing of small quantities.

9. Emblem of medicine and pharmacy The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipe) character, which is often written as "rx" in typed text. Mortar and pestle Recipe symbol

10. Emblem of medicine and pharmacy • Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygieia. • Representing a snake in different combinations has old history. In primitive society, on his first stage of development, group of people represented animals – bears, wolves, birds and snakes as a totem. • In Babylon thought that a snake is a “child of goddess of Earth”, in Egypt named the snake of “life of earth”, about a snake other people had similar imagination. From old times a snake symbolized good, wisdom and knowledge.

11. Emblem of medicine and pharmacy • Other symbols are common in different countries: the green Greek cross in France and the United Kingdom, the increasingly-rare Gaper in The Netherlands, and a red stylized letter A in Germany and Austria (from Apotheke, the German word for pharmacy, from the same Greek root as the English word 'apothecary').

12. Pharmacopoeia • is a book containing directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society.

13. The earliest pharmacopoeia books were written by Muslim physicians. These included Abu-Rayhan Biruni in the 11th century, Ibn Baytar in the 14th century,and Ibn Zuhr in 1491. The first work of the kind published under government authority appears to have been that of Nuremberg in 1542; a passing student named Valerius Cordus showed a collection of medical receipts, which he had selected from the writings of the most eminent medical authorities, to the physicians of the town, who urged him to print it for the benefit of the apothecaries, and obtained for his work the sanction of the senatus. An earlier work, known as the Antidotarium Florentinum, had been published under the authority of the college of medicine of Florence. The term pharmacopoeia first appears as a distinct title in a work published at Basel in 1561 by Dr A. Foes, but does not appear to have come into general use until the beginning of the 17th century.

14. Medicine of the primitive communion system order. • Medicine is to historical times hugs a period from the Paleozoic era (600 million years BC) to opening of calendar and letter (4000 BC). • In development of man marks two critical moments. • First is beginning of labour activity, second transformation of ancient man on the man of modern type (40000-45000 BC).

15. The heavy terms of existence and getting of meal were instrumental in the origin of diseases. • Pharmacy, as well as all medicine, arose out of desire sick to save the life and facilitate sufferings, loosen pain by the use of matters which surround him. • Using different herbages, a man marked their medical or poisonous properties.

16. People of the Paleolithic period were interested in the flora around them to engrave a variety of plants, bones and deer antlers. • The use of herbs as healing agents predates recorded history. Investigation of a 60,000 year old Palaeolithic grave site in Shanidar, Northern Iraq, yielded pollen samples of no less than eight different genera of flowering plants. Many of the species were still official in various pharmacopeias until the mid 1930's. Therefore to say that 'herbs are the mother of all medicine', would not be unreasonable. Herbal therapeutics is a broad term that covers all those systems of medicine in which herbs or their derivatives form an essential part of the therapy, e.g. • With development hunt appeared remedies of animal origin fat, blood, marrow. The matters of medical origin appear also and above all things as mineral waters.

17. Prehistoric skulls found in Europe and South America indicate that Neolithic man was already able to trephine, or remove disks of bone from, the skull successfully, but whether this delicate operation was performed to release evil spirits or as a surgical procedure is not known. Empirical medicine developed in ancient Egypt, and involved the use of many potent drugs still in use today, such as castor oil, senna, opium, colchicine, and mercury. In spite of their skill in embalming, however, the Egyptians had little knowledge of anatomy.

18. Treatment of diseases is the most ancient human need. Appearance of medicine belongs to the era of matriarchyits, evidence is the materials of archeology and ethnography.

19. For millennia people were studying the properties of plants recognizing nutritional, poisonous and medicinal properties of plants. The first herbs were pain, killing irritating the digestive tract, stimulating (bush «coke»), narcotic (poppy, tobacco. marihuana).

20. The new practice of treating diseases developed since people discovered the healing properties of some animal or- gans ( with the transition to hunting )

21. Every member of the tribe had the individual animal-protector. An animal was called «manito» (medicine) in theNorth American Indians. It must protect a man from diseases help and cure. The man had his «manito» inside, drinking blood, eating organs and ash of this animal. Fat was applied externally rubbing into the body.

22. Another form of animal — Manito application was an amulet. A man made the image of his animal from the wood, bone, stone and always wore on himself. Together with the new medications of the animal origin the ancient herbal treatment was also used.

23. A new stage of the human history was the transition from hunting to cattle-breeding, that was the stimulus of the further development of medicine. Observation for domesticated animals helped to notice the action of the plants and transfer this knowledge for treating people.

24. Reposition of dislocations, treatment of fractures, castration, caesarian section were novel in medical practice, resulting from the prolonged and close contact with domestic animals.

25. Matriarchy gave way to patriarchy and a male ancestor was the patron and protector of his children, their physical well-being, their health.If a descendant-was disrespectful toward his ancestor, the last «dwell» in him, began to torture and made him sick. Disease was a punishment for disrespect- ful attitude to the memory of the ancestor.

26. If the ancestor is persisted and continued to torture the sick person,he was driven out using various methods of intimidation. The whole system of “frightened healing” was created, it prevailed in America, China, Turkmenistan, Siberia, Africa and Australia.

27. At the end of the Patriarchate primitive people divided the world into the natural world (material) and weird inhabited by spirits. Evil spirits — demons were declared the cause of diseases. Demons of blindness, deafness, seizures, paralysis, toothache, headache (a specific demon corresponded to each disease) penetrated into the body and caused a disease.

28. The principle of treatment is simple: to propitiate the gods with prayers and or to expel out the demon from the patient's body.

29. Thus, the era of the primitive people community acquired medical knowledge based on direct acquaintance with the objects of nature surrounding them. The knowledge was empirical based on the own experience. A great number of drugs, mainly herbal, was discovered some surgical skills included in further medical practice were developed.

30. Medicine and pharmacy in the slaveholding states of the Ancient East In the transition from the primitive society to the slave-owing society the temple medicine was formed. But folk medicine remained the main form of medicine in the slave-holding states of the Ancient Orient.

31. New profession of a doctor occupied a prominent place in society and was recognized by the state.

32. A doctor was responsible for his actions in relation to the law. Training physicians took place in the family. The head of the family had his own secret medicines and medical skills, shared his experience only with the members of the family fromgeneration to generation.

33. The material was accumulated, the first record — «medical manual», the first medical literature appeared. The main texts of the medical literature of that time the Egyptian medical papyrus

34. Slave-owning states of the Ancient East had a different coverage of the problem of etiology in folk medicine. At the first place it was the problem of nutrition: overeating or lack of food, gross, contaminated food, another problem was climate: the change of seasons, the winds — hot, cold, wet, dry; the next problem was the lack of personal hygiene, nonhygienic state of dwellings. The cause of some diseases was considered to be excessive or in sufficient physical movements. Diseases, that were not subjected to the causal explanation were attributed to the rage of the gods.

35. In the therapy of internal diseases the “emptying” methods of treatment with application of laxatives and emetics prevailed. The treatment with a diet was practiced, so there was a great number of dietary prescriptions in medical books. Ophthalmology developed: eye ointments appeared and removal of cataract with the help of surgery was performed.

36. Together with professional medicine the temple medicine, which was the work of priests, existed. They used the experience and methods of traditional medicines, but in particular, distinctive form.

37. The temple medicine taught that the most important of all emanations was the emanation of the Sun. The God of the Sun ruled it and due to his will the radiation of the sun penetrated to the blood of man, giving him movement and heat, i.e. blood was the source and cause of all the vital characteristics of an organism.

38. Medicine in the ancient Egypt Thanks to preparation of mummies the Egyptians studied well the structure of the human body. They associated causes of diseases both with natural phenomena (junk food, intestinal parasites, weather changes) and with supernatural ideas (occupancy of the spirit of the deceased person patient's of the body, attempts to expel it the the unpleasant-tasting medicines, charms, spells, ect.).

39. In Egyptian medicine it was very popular to treat with herbs, spices,herbal ointments. The Ancient Greeks believed Egypt to be the treasury of pharmaceutical knowledge. The Egyptian pharmacy is one of the most ancient. The source of information about it are “The Hermetic Books”

40. In the Ebers Papyrus the importance of the heart in the human life was emphasized. The diagnosis of diseases by pulse were known by the ancient Egyptians more than four millennia ago.

41. An ibis beak on the head of the god Thoth was the prototype of enema, which Egyptians considered as their greatest invention in the field of medicine.

43. In the 4—6-th millennia BC in the ancient Egyptians only priests of the highest caste had the right to prepare medicines. It was believed that medicine was under the patronage of the god Thoth, «lifesaver», «defender», «healer». The Egyptians called him «pharmacy». Hence the words with the root of «pharma» such as pharmacology, pharmacognosy, Pharmacopoeia,pharmacy appeared.

44. Preparation of medicines was at rather high level. The Egyptians were able to prepare tablets, infusions, decoctions, squeeze juice from plants, prepare ointments, adhesive bandages, smoking materials. Preparation of epicutaneous and cosmetic products was of particular success. Therefore, Egypt is considered to be a home of dermatology.

45. Raw garlic was often used. Still popular remedy for cold — garlic with honey — was invented in the ancient Egypt. It was believed that the «demon of cold» was afraid of garlic and ran away when he appeared.

46. The pharmaceutical technology of primary processing of substances — squeezing, boiling, straining, grinding, sieving — was known. There were precise rules for the preparation of medicines, signatures how to use medicines (in the morning or in the evening) appeared. There was an obligatory ritual — to say prays before taking a medication.