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Ecology

Ecology. I. Introduction. C. Levels of Organization. A. Definition The study of the interactions between organisms & organisms with their environment. B. Parameters 1. Abiotic – non-living. Like? 2. Biotic. 1. Chemistry. D. Distribution of Life. Atoms. 2. Biology.

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology

  2. I. Introduction C. Levels of Organization A. Definition The study of the interactions between organisms & organisms with their environment. B. Parameters 1. Abiotic – non-living. Like? 2. Biotic

  3. 1. Chemistry D. Distribution of Life Atoms 2. Biology Molecules Macro - Molecules Subatomic Particles 3. Ecology Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organisms Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

  4. 1. Dispersal Limitations • a. Not all areas are accessible – geographic isolation • b. Each species has an actual and a potential range • Potential range = area over which a species could • survive if transplanted

  5. 2. Behavior and Habitat Selection 3. Biotic Factors a. Animals mainly a. Disease b. Herbivory c. Absence of symbionts d. Lack of pollinators e. Competition

  6. 4. Competition a. Factors i. Whenever the quantity of useful matter or energy falls below the level needed for the maximal growth of two or more organisms which must draw on the same supply, a contest begins. ii. The more similar the needs the greater the intensity of competition. iii. Competition from introduced species can shrink an organism’s actual range

  7. b. Reasons? i. water ii. Nutrients (minerals) iii. light iv. heat v. carbon dioxide, oxygen vi. space vii. pollinators

  8. 5. Abiotic Factors a. Limits i. Climate Varies from place to place, season to season. Each organism has an optimum environment needed for maximum growth.

  9. Temperature & annual precipitation (climate vs. weather) are the most important factors determining the distribution of organisms on a global scale (biomes). ……Thus scientists predict that climate change may radically alter the distribution of organisms/ecosystems on earth.

  10. Fig 52.20

  11. Effects of climate on biogeography Climate varies with latitude because of differences in the angle of sunlight (seasons) Solar radiation creates wind currents, ocean currents, and precipitation (from evaporation)

  12. Fig 52.10

  13. Fig 52.10

  14. ii. Weather = Local climate • Proximity to water, mountains • E or W side of land mass • S slope drier than N slope (thus different plant communities) • iii. Precipitation = Microclimate • Forest floor vs. canopy • Under a log • Within the litter layer

  15. Your ecosystem type: coastal temperate rainforest Fig. 52.13

  16. II. Biomes • A. General Characteristics • 1. Limits Locations of the earth’s biomes due to: • a. Latitude – affects temperature, precipitation • b. Positions of the continents • 2. StructureOne biome type may occur in different • areas of the world but different plant species but same: • a. Physiognomic structure – size; shape; types of • organisms & their relation to each other & the physical • environment • b. Due to convergent evolution – similar phenotypes • due to similar selection pressures over time. Similar • climate, soils, disturbance patterns,…

  17. B. Types Fig. 52.19

  18. 1. Terrestrial a. Name Tropical rainforest b. Location Equatorial region c. Characteristics High average annual temp and precipitation, Lush, dense vegetation, Very diverse! Large vertical stratification due to competition for light

  19. a. Name Savanna b. Location rimming Equatorial region c. Characteristics Grasslands with scattered trees, Large herbivores & predators, Rainy & dry season! Fire adapted

  20. a. Name Desert b. Location Along Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn c. Characteristics < 30 cm of rain per year, High temperatures, CAM plants! Unique plants with adaptations to harsh environment

  21. a. Name Chapparal b. Location Along rugged hilly salt water coasts c. Characteristics Evergreen shrubs, Hot dry summers, mild wet winters, Fire-dependent! – seeds germinated after fire, roots fire-resistant

  22. a. Name Temperate Grassland b. Location Along 30o N and S parallel inland c. Characteristics No trees, Typically 4 seasons, Occasional fire, Fertile soils

  23. a. Name Temperate deciduous forest b. Location Along 30o N and S parallel coastal c. Characteristics Deciduous trees, 4 seasons (cold winter – dormant), Open forests

  24. a. Name Coniferous Forest b. Location N hemisphere above 30o c. Characteristics Evergreen trees (gymnosperms), Largest biome on earth, 4 seasons, large amounts of snowfall

  25. a. Name Tundra b. Location N hemisphere or high altitude c. Characteristics Permafrost – permanently frozen subsoil, Very cold, high winds, No trees or tall plants, 20% of land area on earth, Low annual precipitation

  26. 2. Aquatic a. Name Fresh relatively still - Lakes b. Location ??? c. Characteristics Thermocline, tubidity varies, oligotrophic versus eutrophic

  27. a. Name Fresh moving water - Rivers and Streams b. Location ??? c. Characteristics Current, temperature and turbidity varies, vertical zones

  28. a. Name Wetlands b. Location ??? c. Characteristics Temporary to semi-permanent, temperature and turbidity varies

  29. a. Name Estuaries b. Location ??? c. Characteristics Salt fluctuations, temperature, depth, and turbidity varies

  30. a. Name Oceanic b. Location Duh? c. Characteristics Salt fluctuations, temperature, depth, and turbidity varies, vertical zones

  31. Plant Population Ecology A. Characteristics I. Introduction 1. Dispersion • a. Patterns of Dispersion: • i. Clumped – individuals in patches (ex. due to • soil types, seed dispersal by animals) • ii. Uniform – evenly spaced due to: Competition for • resources orAllelopathy – plants secrete chemicals to • inhibit nearby growth • iii. Random – unpredictable; position of one individual • cannot be predicted from position of another.

  32. Clumped lupine

  33. Uniform dispersal of sagebrush

  34. Random trees

  35. 2. Population Size • a. Demography = study of factors that affect the • growth & decline of populations • i. Increase by reproduction, immigration • ii. Decrease by death, emigration Change in Population size = (B + I) – (D + E) If B – D = 0, then zero population growth

  36. Fig. 53.9

  37. b. Life History = events from birth through • reproduction to death • i. Dormancy, germination, growth, reproduction, • dispersal, death • ii. Trade-offs between investments in reproduction • & survival when there are limited resources

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