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1.1 Exercise and its relation to cancer

1.1 Exercise and its relation to cancer. Anna and Luke. Background. Evidence from many sources suggest high exposure to ovarian hormones, like oestrogen, increases the risk of breast cancer (Henderson 1985). Exposure to these comes from total counts of menstrual cycles.

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1.1 Exercise and its relation to cancer

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  1. 1.1 Exercise and its relation to cancer Anna and Luke

  2. Background • Evidence from many sources suggest high exposure to ovarian hormones, like oestrogen, increases the risk of breast cancer (Henderson 1985). • Exposure to these comes from total counts of menstrual cycles. • The more menstrual cycles, the more chance of breast cancer. • Therefore any way to reduce the number of menstrual cycles might also be a way to reduce exposure to ovarian hormones and a way of lowering breast cancer rates.

  3. The Study Aim: • To investigate the potential relationship between different levels of exercise and risk of breast cancer. Method: • Case control study using 545 women with breast cancer and 545 without, all aged under 40. • Interviews were used to gain knowledge on the average number of hours of physical exercise undertaken per week from their first period to within one year of diagnosis. • Answers were then compared between the two groups to see if this was an accurate predictor of breast cancer rates. Results: • 1-3 hours exercise reduced risk of cancer by 30% • 4+ hours exercise reduced risk of cancer by over 50% Conclusions: • Exercise may be one factor that can be quite simply changed to reduce breast cancer rates in young women.

  4. Evaluation Validity: • Matched pairs designreduces individual differences between control and experimental group. • Interviewsreduce the validity e.g. social desireability, interviewer-bias. • The average no. hours per week of exercise (from 1st period – year of diagnosis) is only an estimate therefore may be inaccurate. Reliability: • Gynocentric bias – however if men used, it would not be relevant to the link with Oestrogen. • 545 participants taken from a sample of 1000 may seem like a large sample however it isn’t in proportion to the number of women diagnosed a year (50,000) Reductionist: • Ignores other factors that contribute to the cause of cancer e.g. genetics. Deterministic: • Suggests that if you take part in at least 4 hours exercise, you are 50% less likely to develop breast cancer. Real life application: Other research including the ‘EPIC study’,which includes over a quarter of a million European women, consistently shows that household activity can reduce a woman's risk of developing breast cancer (by itself and in combination with leisure time exercise)

  5. 12 (a) Outline how different levels of exercise can be related to cancer [10] 1st paragraph: Introduction into the effects exercise has on cancer.E.g. Exercise has been proven to be a lifestyle factor that can significantly improve health, in particular the likelihood of common cancers such as breast cancer etc…… 2nd paragraph: supporting evidence. E.g. Bernstein study: outline the results/conclusion. 3rd paragraph: Real life application or usefulness. E.g. The EPIC research, usefulness: educating society to improve health/reduce risk.

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