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Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis. Gene—DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein. Protein Synthesis. Gene—DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein RNA is needed for protein synthesis. Protein Synthesis.

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Protein Synthesis

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  1. Protein Synthesis • Gene—DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein

  2. Protein Synthesis • Gene—DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein • RNA is needed for protein synthesis

  3. Protein Synthesis • Gene—DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein • RNA is needed for protein synthesis • Transfer RNA (tRNA) . • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) . • Messenger RNA (mRNA) .

  4. Protein Synthesis • Gene—DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein • RNA is needed for protein synthesis • Transfer RNA (tRNA)--Transfers amino acids to ribosome for building the protein • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)--Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built • Messenger RNA (mRNA)--Carries instructions for building protein from nucleus to ribosome

  5. You will need to know… • The functions of: mRNA tRNA rRNA

  6. Transcription and Translation • Transcription • Translation

  7. Transcription and Translation • Transcription • Translation DNA GCC TTT ATA AGG CAT

  8. Transcription and Translation • Transcription • Translation DNA GCC TTT ATA AGG CAT AUG CCU UAU AAA … mRNA

  9. Transcription and Translation • Transcription • Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA • Three-base sequences on mRNA are called codons • Translation

  10. Transcription and Translation • Transcription • Translation (leaves nucleus) DNA GCC TTT ATA AGG CAT AUG CCU UAU AAA … mRNA mRNA AUG CCU UAU AAA …

  11. Transcription and Translation • Transcription • Translation (leaves nucleus) DNA GCC TTT ATA AGG CAT AUG CCU UAU AAA … mRNA mRNA AUG CCU UAU AAA … Met- Pro- Tyr - Lys … Amino acid chain— will become a protein

  12. Transcription and Translation • Transcription • Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA • Three-base sequences on mRNA are called codons • Translation • Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

  13. Path of information: DNARNAProtein Transcription: in nucleus Translation: at a ribosome

  14. Nucleus(site of transcription) Cytoplasm(site of translation DNA ) mRNA specifyingone polypeptideis made onDNA template Amino acids mRNA leavesnucleus andattaches toribosome, andtranslationbegins Correct aminoacid attachedto each speciesof tRNA by anenzyme mRNA Nuclear pore Nuclear membrane Synthetaseenzyme Growing polypeptide chain As the ribosomemoves along themRNA, a new aminoacid is added tothe growing proteinchain Met Gly Incoming tRNArecognizes acomplementarymRNA codon callingfor its amino acid bybinding via itsanticodon to thecodon Ser Phe Ala Peptide bond Released tRNAreenters thecytoplasmicpool, ready tobe rechargedwith a newamino acid tRNA “head” bearinganticodon Large ribosomal subunit C G G U U C G C C A U A G U C U A C Portion ofmRNA alreadytranslated Codon Direction of ribosomeadvance; ribosome movesthe mRNA strand alongsequentially as each codonis read Small ribosomalsubunit Protein Synthesis Figure 3.16

  15. Nucleus(site of transcription) Cytoplasm(site of translation DNA ) mRNA specifyingone polypeptideis made onDNA template mRNA Nuclear pore Nuclear membrane Protein Synthesis 1) mRNA is formed Figure 3.16, step 1

  16. Nucleus(site of transcription) Cytoplasm(site of translation DNA ) mRNA specifyingone polypeptideis made onDNA template mRNA leavesnucleus andattaches toribosome, andtranslationbegins mRNA Nuclear pore Nuclear membrane Large ribosomal subunit U A G U C C Codon Small ribosomalsubunit Protein Synthesis 2) mRNA leaves nucleus, joins ribosome Figure 3.16, step 2

  17. Nucleus(site of transcription) Cytoplasm(site of translation DNA ) mRNA specifyingone polypeptideis made onDNA template Amino acids mRNA leavesnucleus andattaches toribosome, andtranslationbegins Correct aminoacid attachedto each speciesof tRNA by anenzyme mRNA Nuclear pore Nuclear membrane Synthetaseenzyme Large ribosomal subunit U A G U C C Codon Small ribosomalsubunit Protein Synthesis 3) tRNA linked to amino acid Figure 3.16, step 3

  18. Nucleus(site of transcription) Cytoplasm(site of translation DNA ) mRNA specifyingone polypeptideis made onDNA template Amino acids mRNA leavesnucleus andattaches toribosome, andtranslationbegins Correct aminoacid attachedto each speciesof tRNA by anenzyme mRNA Nuclear pore Nuclear membrane Synthetaseenzyme Incoming tRNArecognizes acomplementarymRNA codon callingfor its amino acid bybinding via itsanticodon to thecodon tRNA “head” bearinganticodon Large ribosomal subunit U A G U C C Codon Small ribosomalsubunit Protein Synthesis 4) tRNA carries amino acid to ribosome Figure 3.16, step 4

  19. Nucleus(site of transcription) Cytoplasm(site of translation DNA ) mRNA specifyingone polypeptideis made onDNA template Amino acids mRNA leavesnucleus andattaches toribosome, andtranslationbegins Correct aminoacid attachedto each speciesof tRNA by anenzyme mRNA Nuclear pore Nuclear membrane Synthetaseenzyme Growing polypeptide chain As the ribosomemoves along themRNA, a new aminoacid is added tothe growing proteinchain Met Gly Incoming tRNArecognizes acomplementarymRNA codon callingfor its amino acid bybinding via itsanticodon to thecodon Ser Phe Ala Peptide bond tRNA “head” bearinganticodon Large ribosomal subunit C G G G C C A U A G U C C Codon Direction of ribosomeadvance; ribosome movesthe mRNA strand alongsequentially as each codonis read Small ribosomalsubunit Protein Synthesis 5) Ribosome connects amino acid to chain Figure 3.16, step 5

  20. Nucleus(site of transcription) Cytoplasm(site of translation DNA ) mRNA specifyingone polypeptideis made onDNA template Amino acids mRNA leavesnucleus andattaches toribosome, andtranslationbegins Correct aminoacid attachedto each speciesof tRNA by anenzyme mRNA Nuclear pore Nuclear membrane Synthetaseenzyme Growing polypeptide chain As the ribosomemoves along themRNA, a new aminoacid is added tothe growing proteinchain Met Gly Incoming tRNArecognizes acomplementarymRNA codon callingfor its amino acid bybinding via itsanticodon to thecodon Ser Phe Ala Peptide bond Released tRNAreenters thecytoplasmicpool, ready tobe rechargedwith a newamino acid tRNA “head” bearinganticodon Large ribosomal subunit C G G U U C G C C A U A G U C U A C Portion ofmRNA alreadytranslated Codon Direction of ribosomeadvance; ribosome movesthe mRNA strand alongsequentially as each codonis read Small ribosomalsubunit Protein Synthesis Figure 3.16, step 6

  21. Aptitude Check • Can you: • Describe the structure and function of the cell parts? • Distinguish between types of transport? • Identify the stages of mitosis? • Describe the functions of 3 types of RNA? • Describe the processes of translation and transcription?

  22. Body Tissues • Tissues--Groups of cells with similar structure and function

  23. Body Tissues • Tissues--Groups of cells with similar structure and function • Four primary types • Epithelial tissue (epithelium) • Connective tissue • Muscle tissue • Nervous tissue

  24. Epithelial Tissues • Locations • Body coverings, linings, glands • Functions • Protection • Absorption • Filtration • Secretion

  25. Epithelium Characteristics • Cells fit closely together and often form sheets • The apical surface is the free surface • The lower surface rests on a basement membrane • Avascular (no blood supply) • Regenerate easily

  26. Epithelium Characteristics Figure 3.17a

  27. Classification of Epithelia • Number of cell layers • Simple—one layer • Stratified—more than one layer Figure 3.17a

  28. Classification of Epithelia • Shape of cells • Squamous (flat) • Cuboidal • Columnar Figure 3.17b

  29. Simple Epithelia • Simple squamous • Forms membranes lining body cavities, lungs and capillaries Single layer flat cells The thinnest epithelium– promotes diffusion

  30. Simple Epithelia Figure 3.18a

  31. Simple Epithelia • Simple cuboidal • Common in glands and their ducts • Forms walls of kidney tubules • Covers the ovaries Thicker--promotes secretion Single layer cubic cells

  32. Simple Epithelia Figure 3.18b

  33. Simple Epithelia • Simple columnar • Often includes mucus-producing goblet cells • Lines digestive tract Best epithelium for mucus production Single layer tall cells

  34. Simple Epithelia Figure 3.18c

  35. Simple Epithelia • Pseudostratified columnar • Often looks like a double layer of cells • Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract • May function in absorption or secretion Cilia move mucus Not really more than one layer tall cells

  36. Simple Epithelia Figure 3.18d

  37. Stratified Epithelia • Stratified squamous • Cells at the apical surface are flattened • Found as a protective covering where friction is common (skin, mouth and esophagus) Oldest, driest, deadest cells are on the surface Layers flat cells

  38. Stratified Epithelia Figure 3.18e

  39. Stratified Epithelia • Stratified cuboidal • Stratified columnar • (can be mixed) (Two) Layers Cubic cells Layers Tall cells

  40. Stratified Epithelia • Transitional epithelium • Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching • Lines organs of the urinary system “Changing”

  41. Stratified Epithelia Figure 3.18f

  42. Glandular Epithelium • Gland--cells responsible for secreting a product • Two types: • Endocrine gland • Exocrine gland

  43. Glandular Epithelium • Gland--cells responsible for secreting a product • Two types: • Endocrine gland • Ductless: secretions diffuse into blood vessels • Secretions are hormones • Exocrine gland • Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface • Include sweat and oil glands

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