What Are We Learning Today?

1. What Are We Learning Today? 2.4 Explore the relationship between nationalism and the pursuit of national interest.

2. How are Nationalism and National Interest Related? Pg. 116

3. Aspects of National Interest • Like individuals, ppl who govern democratic communities and nations make decisions based on what is in the community’s or nation’s interests. These benefits are their national interest . • They may focus on 1 or more of the following:

4. Economic Prosperity • This includes stable employment and a decent standard of living. • Gov’ts acting in the national interest try to provide these economic benefits in various ways. They may, for example, pass laws ensuring that citizens are not exploited in the workplace. They may also enter into trade treaties with other nations.

5. Security & Safety • Measures to maintain national security and physical protection include laws that protect citizens within the country, as well as secure borders that can be defended against intruders. • Gov’ts acting in the national interest try to ensure the personal safety of citizens, peacefully resolve differences with other countries, and control who enters the country.

6. Beliefs & Values • These include affirming and promoting citizens’ values, beliefs, and culture. • Gov’ts acting in the national interest try, for example, to safeguard and respect the shared worldviews, ways of life, traditions, and languages of their citizens.

7. Changing Views of National Interest • Just as ppl’s understandings of nationalism may differ, their opinions on what is in the national interest may differ. • National interest is not static and unchanging. Events inside and outside a country can change ppl’s opinion about what is in the national interest. • What are some examples?

8. What Are We Learning Today? 2.5 Analyze how the pursuit of national interest shapes foreign policy.

9. How Has National Interest Shaped Foreign Policy? • A policy is a plan of action that has been deliberately chosen to guide or influence future decisions. • Our school, for example, has policies to guide decisions about what is in the individual or collective interests of the students and staff. (Dress code policy, attendance policy).

10. Domestic & Foreign Policy • A country’s policy is responsible for developing both domestic policy and foreign policy. • Domestic Policy – guides decisions about what to do within the country. In Canada, domestic policy may guide decisions about changing federal laws, settling Aboriginal land claims, etc. • Foreign Policy – guides decisions about official relations with other countries. Foreign policy, which is often called external relation or foreign affairs, may involve signing treaties, establishing trade relations with foreign states, or taking action on human rights & world health.

11. Foreign Policy Impacts • Foreign policy decisions may have relatively short-term effects on a limited # of ppl or long-term effects on millions of ppl. • Some foreign policy decisions made at the end of WW I, for example, are still affecting the world today. Many ppl believe that the turmoil in the Middle Eastern countries relates directly to the foreign policy decisions of the US and European countries as they pursued their national interests at the end of WW I.

12. WW I • WW I was fought in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. On 1 side was the Central Powers, led by Germany; on the other side were the Allies, led by Britain. The world had never experienced such a wide-ranging and deadly war. Millions of ppl died, and the financial cost was enormous. • Before WW I, nationalism had flourished in Europe. Many historians believe that nationalism and ppl’s beliefs about their national interest were important causes of this war.

14. How Did WW I Start? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hE8552joxfE&feature=related

15. Pursuing National Interest • European gov’ts, for example, believed that expanding their territory in Europe, as well as their colonial possessions, was in their national interests.This belief was a foundation of their foreign policy, which led them to form alliances with other European countries. • Allied members agreed to help one another when one country was threatened. This system of alliances was one factor that brought so many countries into the war so quickly.

16. The Ignoring of National Interests • Most ppl affected by WW I had had no say in the decision to go to war. If you lived in the Ottoman, Russian, or Austro-Hungarian empires, for example, you were at war when your rulers declared war. • Even if you lived in Canada, you were included in Britain’s declaration of war. Your national interests were not considered. (FYI pg. 123) • After more than 4 years of brutal fighting, an armistice (truce), was declared at 11am on November 11, 1918, and the war ended.

17. Treaty Negotiations in France • WW I was fought over sovereignty and territory, economic interests and security, and nationalism and national identity. These issues also dominated the discussions at the peace talks that took place in Paris, France, from 1919 to 1920. • The victorious Allies, especially France and Britain, wanted to punish Germany by imposing harsh conditions. As a result, leaders of the Allied countries made many treaty decisions that had far-reaching effects on million of ppl.

18. Treaty of Versailles • The financial, military, and territorial penalties imposed on Germany and the Central Powers were severe. • The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to reduce its military strength, pay war repartitions (compensation) of $30 billion, give up territory in Europe as well as its colonies, and accept responsibility “for causing all the loss and damage” that had affected the Allies.

19. National Interests after WW I in Canada • Once WW I ended, many Canadians returned their attention to domestic concerns. The war had created an industrial boom, but this died out, and many returning Canadian veterans has trouble finding work. • This created unrest, and ppl’s personal, collective, and national interests began to focus more on what was happening at home and less on events in other countries. Domestic issues became more important than foreign policy concerns.

20. National Interests after WW I in Europe • A similar shift in priorities took place in many other countries that had been involved in the war. Belgium and France, deeply in debt, focused on rebuilding cities, towns, and farms. Britain had serious problems in its empire, especially in India. There, Mohandas Gandhi was leading a nationalist program of peaceful civil disobedience that was hurting an already battered British economy. • Unity among the Allies, who had created the Treaty of Versailles, soon disappeared.

21. How Has Foreign Policy Shaped National Interest? • Nationalism, foreign policy, and national interest can be understood as a complex and constantly changing web. Though the pursuit of national interest often shapes foreign policy, foreign policy can also shape national interest.A gov’ts policies can affect its citizens’ safety and security, their economic future, and even their culture. • When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, for example, that single foreign policy decision affected the Austro-Hungarian ppl’s security, their prosperity, and their culture for decades.

22. Homework • Read pg. 128 & 129 and answer questions 1-3 on pg. 129 as well as the questions related to Figure 5-16. (2/3 page total) • Due tomorrow.

23. Foreign Policy & Contending National Interests in Peru • A country’s foreign policy may benefit some communities but have negative effects on others. This is what is happening in Peru. • In 2007, the Peruvian gov’t decided that it would be in their national interest to auction land in the Amazon rainforest to foreign-owned oil companies for development. The wealth generated by oil exploration and extraction could help Peruvians, whose GDP in 2006 was $6600 a person.

24. Foreign Policy & Contending National Interests in Peru • But the land in question forms part of the traditional territory of the Mashco Piro, an Indigenous ppl who shun contact with outsiders. The Mashco Piro do not want to move to another part of the forest or become part of the outside world. • Peruvian law says that if Indigenous ppl live in a region, the land must be kept for their use. But this law can be set aside if the land is used in a way that contributes to the country’s national interest.

25. Foreign Policy & Contending National Interests in Peru • Perupetro, Peru’s gov’t-owned oil company, has since auctioned off some of the land to Spanish and American oil companies. • In September 2007, the Peruvian gov’t signed the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples as part of its foreign policy. It says that Indigenous peoples have the right to territories and resources they have traditionally owned, occupied and used.

26. 9/11 and Canada in Afghanistan • The 9/11 attacks on the US killed 2,982 ppl, including 24 Canadians. It was generally believed that the Taliban rulers of Afghanistan were hiding and protecting Osama bin Laden and other members of al-Qaeda, which had claimed responsibility for the attacks.

27. The United Nations & 9/11 • As a result, the United Nations agreed that the US and it allies were entitled to invade Afghanistan to destroy the Taliban and track down bin Laden. • The UN authorized the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), to organize this mission, which started in 2001.

29. NATO • As part of its foreign policy after WW II, Canada had helped found NATO. The treaty that created NATO in 1949 said that an attack on 1 member would be considered an attack on all. • As a result, forces from Canada and other countries, including the US and Britain, went to Afghanistan under the NATO banner.

30. The Switch to Active Combat • The Taliban gov’t fell, and Canadian forces helped keep peace while a new gov’t was organized. But when the US invaded Iraq in 2003, many of the American troops in Afghanistan were reassigned to Iraq. • This reduced the size of the NATO force in Afghanistan. To make up this shortfall, other countries, such as Canada, increased the size of their force and expanded their role to include active combat.

31. Shift in Foreign Policy • This foreign policy shift was controversial. Most Canadians had opposed the Iraq invasion, and some now charged that the decision to increase the # of Canadian troops in Afghanistan was a way of helping the gov’t solve a difficult problem: how to appear to support its American ally’s war on terror while responding to public opinion by staying out of the war with Iraq.

32. Debate over Afghanistan • Voices pg. 131. • Debate over Afghanistan pg. 132. • Canadian politicians disagreed over how to resolve these issues. NDP leader Jack Layton believed that a military role was “not the right mission for Canada.” He said, “Canadians want a foreign policy rooted in fact, not fear, one that is uniquely independent, not ideologically imported. And one that leads the world into peace, not (one that) follows the US into wars.” • What do you think Layton meant by this?

34. Stephen Harper: “Canada went into Afghanistan for very real reasons of national security and int’l security. Because as 9/11 showed, if we abandon our fellow human beings to lives of poverty, brutality and ignorance, in today’s global village, their misery will eventually and inevitable become our own.”

35. Interests & Rights for Women • When the Taliban controlled Afghanistan, girls were not allowed to go to school and women were not allowed to have careers. Although the new NATO-backed gov’t created a ministry of women’s affairs to change this situation, Taliban resistance was causing concern. In September 2006, the Taliban took credit for assassinating Safia Ama Jan, an official with the women’s ministry.

36. A Slow Progression • Sima Samar was Afghanistan’s 1st minister of women’s affairs. In 2007, she headed the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, which monitors the progress of gov’t agencies and other institutions toward implementing human rights laws and policies. • Samar has said that changing Afghanistan will take time. “We started in 2001 with no systems at all,” she said. “We have accomplished a lot… Democracy is a process – it doesn’t come because you shout at it. You have to deal with the weak points and you can’t have it without the participation of half the population.”

37. What Are We Learning Today? 2.6 Analyze the relationship between nationalism and ultranationalism.

38. What is Ultranationalism? • Ultranationalismis an extreme form of nationalism. • Ppl disagree on when nationalism becomes ultranationalism but at some point, ultranationalists move from valuing their own nation and its interests, to hostility toward ppl of other nations. This hostility can endanger int’l peace. • Ultranationalism may be associated with a fanatical belief in the rights of your own group and a fear and loathing of anyone who challenges those beliefs.

39. Varying Opinions of Ultranationalism • Whether ppl label a belief or policy nationalistic or ultranationalistic sometimes depends on the nation they belong to. • Some might view the actions of ppl in their own group as patriotic, while claiming that similar actions by other ppls are ultranationalistic. For example, building a strong military may be viewed as nationalistic in one country – but ultranationalistic in another.

40. Propaganda & Ultranationalism • Propaganda refers to info. and ideas that are spread to achieve a specific goal. The info. and ideas are often misleading and dishonest. Extreme nationalists use propaganda to manipulate strong human emotions – especially fear and insecurity – and persuade ppl to behave in certain ways. Propagandists often • Call their opponents names (e.g., “terrorists,” “fanatics”) designed to arouse ppl’s anger and fears

41. Examples of Propaganda • Play down their own failures and defeats or use words that hide the true meaning of their actions (calling their own wars “holy” or “just,” or referring to death camps as “concentration camps”) • Use respected symbols to appeal to ppl’s values and beliefs (religious symbols, family images, or a national flag) • Appeal to ppl’s fears when trying to persuade them to support particular actions (claiming that strict law and order is the only way to ensure peace and save a nation)

42. Soviet Propaganda • As millions of ppl were being sent to forced-labour camps (gulags), Stalin’s propagandists were creating posters, slogans, songs, speeches, newspaper articles, and banners glorifying extreme nationalism and presenting Stalin as a caring father of the Soviet ppl.

43. Nazi Germany • In Germany, the Nazis used newspapers, radio, and film to promote extreme nationalism. Joseph Goebbels, Hitler’s minister for public enlightenment and propaganda, established a huge propaganda organization that controlled all forms of the media.

44. Nazis and Anti-Semitism • Goebbels was a gifted speaker who consistently preached the supremacy of the German ppl and hatred for Jews, whom he called the incarnation of evil.

45. Why did the Nazis hate the Jews?

46. What Are We Learning Today? 2.7 Analyze nationalism and ultranationalism during times of conflict.

47. Who was Charlie Chaplin?

48. Allied Portrayal of Hitler: Charlie Chaplin • Chaplin was a great actor to play Hitler. Above all, they shared the same moustache. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PuqJGajVJC8&feature=related

49. The Great Dictator (1940) • The Great Dictator is a comedy film written, directed, produced by, and starring Charlie Chaplin. First released in October 1940, it was Chaplin's first true talking picture as well as his most commercially successful film, and more importantly, was the only major film of its period to bitterly satirize Nazism and Adolf Hitler.

50. The Film’s Plot • The film begins during a battle of WW I. The protagonist is an unnamed Jewish private (Charlie Chaplin), who is a barber by profession and is fighting for the Central Powers in the army of the fictional nation of Tomainia. • The scene cuts to victory celebrations, newspaper headlines, the evacuation and hospitalization of the private, and to a speech given 20 years later by Adenoid Hynkel (Adolf Hitler, also played by Chaplin in a double role), now the ruthless dictator of Tomainia, who has undertaken an endeavor to persecute Jews throughout the land.