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Witchcraft in the 17 th Century

Witchcraft in the 17 th Century. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrzMhU_4m-g http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOF6gjFRTGo&feature=related. And now moving on …. The Thirty Years War (1618-1648). 1618-1648. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War. The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground .

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Witchcraft in the 17 th Century

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  1. Witchcraft in the 17th Century • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrzMhU_4m-g • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOF6gjFRTGo&feature=related

  2. And now moving on …

  3. TheThirty Years War (1618-1648)

  4. 1618-1648

  5. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War • The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. • Began in 1618, ended period of no religious warfare that had lasted since 1555’s Peace of Augsburg. • At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants (militant Calvinists). • At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened. • Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

  6. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 • Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. • The Bohemians hated him, tried to re-Catholicize Bohemia. • Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants. • Defenestration of Prague May, 1618 • Bohemia named a new king, Frederick V, head of Protestant Union.

  7. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 • Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor. • Frederick V defeated by Ferdinand II at the Battle of White Mountain, near Prague, 1622. • Frederick V lost his land, the Spanish invaded and took the west while Maximilian of Bavaria took the rest. • Ferdinand II reestablished, established Catholicism as sole religion. But… • The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

  8. Bohemian Phase

  9. The Danish Phase: 1625-1629 • King Christian IV of Denmark got involved in support of Protestants, leads army into north Germany. Anti-Habsburg/Catholic alliance with United Provinces of England. • Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. • Ferdinand II gave Albrecht von Wallenstein the army. • Wallenstein repeatedly defeated Protestants in north, despite their strong support. • Edict of Restitution (1629): • Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552. • Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights. • German princes feared Ferdinand/sudden Habsburg growth  he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.

  10. Danish Phase

  11. AlbrechtvonWallenstein

  12. The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635 • France & Sweden now get involved. • Both want to stop Habsburg power. • Sweden led the charge. • France provided support. • GustavusAdolphus invaded the HR Empire. • Devout Lutheran, excellent military leader. • Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. • Swedish advance (initially successful) was stopped, King Adolphus killed at Battle of Lutzen. • German princes still feared Ferdinand II. • Wallenstein assassinated in 1634 to appease them. Swedes pushed out of south Germany.

  13. Swedish Phase

  14. GustavusAdolphus

  15. The French Phase: 1635-1648 • France & Sweden switched roles. • All countries in Europe now participated. • Religious significance lessened, Catholic French working with Protestant Swedes vs. Catholic Habsburgs of Germany and Spain. • French victory at Battle of Rocroi, maintained momentum from 1643-48. • This phase was most destructive! • German towns decimated. • Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted. • 8 million dead  1/3 of the population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648] • Caused massive inflation. • Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

  16. Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

  17. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Political Provisions • Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of control by the HR Emperor. • The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent  so part remained Sp. possession. • France got most of the German-speaking province of Alsace. Cities of Metz, Toul, Verdun. • Sweden  got lands in North Germany on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts. • Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor  Swiss Confederation. • Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp. • Brandenburg (German State) got important territory on North Sea & in central Germany.

  18. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Religious Provisions • Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg. • The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship. • Habsburg emperor reduced to figurehead by HRE • Religion and politics now clearly separate

  19. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

  20. 1688-1700

  21. Nobody Was Happy! • Many Protestants felt betrayed. • The pope denounced it. • Only merit  it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable! • For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-WO73Dh7rY

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