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Europe in the 17 th Century

Europe in the 17 th Century. Economic contraction Population expansion First major recovery of the European population since the Black Death Eventually population declined again due to famine from another little ice age, war, and disease

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Europe in the 17 th Century

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  1. Europe in the 17th Century

  2. Economic contraction • Population expansion • First major recovery of the European population since the Black Death • Eventually population declined again due to famine from another little ice age, war, and disease • These problems created intense social tensions that came to a boil in the witchcraft craze Social Crises of the 17th Century

  3. Not a new phenomenon • Occurred in England, Scotland, Switzerland, Germany, and France • What is significant about this period is the increased number of trials and executions • Estimated 100,000 people prosecuted • More and more people brought to trial, the more fears and hysteria escalated The Witchcraft Craze

  4. Accused witches typically confessed, often after intense torture • Some confessed they had sworn an allegiance with the devil or attended nocturnal gatherings where they feasted or danced with the devil • Most common confessions involved using evil incantations to wreak havoc on neighbors’ livestock, injuring their children, or raising a storm to destroy crops The Witchcraft Craze Continued…

  5. Those accused of witchcraft often confessed to what they were accused of to stop the torture they were being subjected to. • Why do you think the most common accusations involved wreaking havoc on neighbors’ livestock, injuring their children, or raising a storm to destroy crops? Challenge Question

  6. Social Conditions • Used witchcraft to explain social and economic turmoil • Social Conditions Surrounding Women • Old women were the most accused • New societal values emphasized looking out for oneself over the good of the community • People fearful of growing numbers of poor • Old, Widowed women no longer received local charity • Some instead sold herbs, potions, and secret remedies for healing • People believed women were inferior to men, thus more susceptible to sin and witchcraft than men • Protestant Catholic Tensions • Occurred where religious controversies still raged • Accusations of being in league with the devil occurred on both sides Reasons for Craze

  7. Took place in Germanic land of the Holy Roman Empire (H.R.E) • Conflict of between the Bourbon dynasty of France and the Habsburgs of Spain and the H.R.E • German princes wanted to be free from Hapsburg rule • German princes allied with France to fight off Hapsburgs • Religious violence-German Calvinists fighting for rights against German Catholics Thirty Years War

  8. Results • Breaking up of the H.R.E • More than 300 states that made of the Holy Roman Empire declared independent • German states free to choose own religion, representing the separation of religion and politics Thirty Years War

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