12 Week

1. 12 Week

2. About 1000 • Agriculture • Warming trend • 3 field system • Heavier plows • Results in increased food and increased population • Political/Economic • Feudalism- power based on the holding of land • Lord gives land/ vassal receives land and gives loyalty & military service • King – 1st among equals • Manoralism – self-sufficient • Manor house for lord, serfs live in the village, church, blacksmith, oven/mill, farms, forest

3. Crusades • Goal: to re-conquer Holy Lands from the Muslims • Personal goals: • Church/Pope – command army, retaliation for break w/Orthodox (wanted to control), Christendom • Knights – salvation, land in the conquered territories • Kings – get rid of nobles • Merchants (Middle Class) – increased trade, more markets, loan money to nobles (get land if default) • Results: Pope prestige/power, bad relationship between Catholics, Orthodox & Jewish, Middle Class wins – trade increased

4. Power of the Church • Threat of Excommunication – results in lose of power and influence • Tithes (taxes) • Canon law and court system

5. 1400s • Feudalism ends due to increased trade so decreased reliance on manor; bubonic plague results in fewer people, fewer workers, renegotiated living conditions • Cities – growing, messy, thriving trade, due to trade networks esta. during crusades with Muslims – • Commercial Revolution – increased trade, banking, wealth for middle class • Hundred Years War – 1337-1453 – between France & England. Fr. Wins. Hero – Joan of Arc

6. Renaissance • Began about 1450 in N. Italy • Means rebirth (of Classical Learning) • Crusades re-introduced Classical Learning to Europe • Islam influenced the Renaissance • Emphasis on learning, Christian humanism • N. Italy – wealthy and more contact Islamic world

7. Islamic Achievements • Islamic Empire – India to Iberian Peninsula • Traded extensively • Arabic number system (from India) • Innovations – astronomy, math – algebra & trig, astrolabe, surgery, calligraphy

8. Economics • Capitalism • Sell what the market demands at a profitable price, produced efficiently • Mercantilism • Government policy to export more than import – • Use subsidies & tariffs • Adam Smith – Wealth of Nation • Laissez-faire – government keep hands out of economy

9. Colonialism • Exploration goal: God, Gold, Glory (all water trade route to Asia) • Exploration funding – usually funded by the Crown; England – joint-stock companies (investors) • Americas: • Columbian Exchange: plants, animals & diseases exchanged between Americas & Europe • Triangular Trade – trade routes from Europe to Africa to America to Europe – slaves were transported in the Middle Passage

10. Enlightenment, Reforms & Revolutions • Enlightened thinkers – logic & reason • Advocated for a government that was equal, fair, protect civil rights • Contributed to end of Absolutism – by Revolutions • Revolutions • Hoped to accomplish – new government which protected the people • Reforms: new laws, fair tax structure, citizen army, promotions based on merits, new system of government • Usually results in a new absolute government

11. Industrial Revolution • Started 2nd agriculture Revolution • Mechanization – seed drill, reapers, harvesters, steam engine • Fewer farmers needed, unemployed farm hands move to cities • Industrial Revolution • Replaced hand crafted, cottage industries • Increased urbanization, innovations increased

12. Causes of WWI • MAIN • Militarism – increase armies and navies • Germany increases navy which threated England • Alliances – too much confidence (willing to fight b/c have back-up), escalate quickly • Imperialism – scramble for land, need for resources • Nationalism – proud of their country