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Introduction to Navigation

Introduction to Navigation. By: Lisa Mozer. Navigation. In 1921 - first experimental night flight was tried out using bonfires en route. Early air traffic controllers began using flags and lights to signal to pilots 1920’s – airports begin to use lights to show position of landing field

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Introduction to Navigation

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  1. Introduction to Navigation By: Lisa Mozer

  2. Navigation • In 1921 - first experimental night flight was tried out using bonfires en route. • Early air traffic controllers began using flags and lights to signal to pilots • 1920’s – airports begin to use lights to show position of landing field • 1930 - Cleveland Ohio, first city to use a radio-equipped control tower.

  3. Navigation(3 basic types) • Celestial Navigation – using the stars, sun, and planets. Oldest form of navigation • Pilotage – pilot uses landmarks to determine position • Dead reckoning – pilot determines position using speed, time, direction, and destination • Radio Navigation – use of high tech instruments to determine position by use of radio waves

  4. Magnetic Compass • The compass has the four cardinal headings shown as N, E, S, and W. • Numbers appear every 30 degrees. • Long vertical marks occur in 10 degree increments, with intervening short marks at 5 degree points.

  5. Visual Omni Range (VOR) • Used since the 1950’s • Operated by the FAA • VOR signal displays aircrafts position relative to specific station • Uses thousands of radio transmitters located throughout U.S. and the world • Aircraft must be within receiving range

  6. Distance Measuring Equipment(DME) • Allows the pilot to measure their distance from station • Typically collocated with VOR station • Displays distance, ground speed, and time to reach station • Can also be paired with a TACAN station • Slant Range error upon approach of station

  7. Aircraft course and DME indicator

  8. VOR/DME ground station

  9. Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) • Uses low frequency signals • When frequency is set to proper station, the needle will point exactly to the station • Non directional beacon (NBD) stations broadcast the signal threw the sky

  10. ADF Indicator

  11. Radar • Stands for Radio Detection and Ranging • Uses electromagnetic waves which are transmitted to the ground to determine altitude, direction, range, and speed • Over 90% of the U.S. airspace is covered by radar and often by multiple radar systems • Frequently used in approach and landing, especially in low-visibility conditions

  12. Transponders • Little box on an aircraft used to help make the aircraft more visible as a radar target • When a radar beam hits an aircraft it is reflected back to its origin so the FAA can pin point its exact location. The transponder generates a very powerful return pulse, making the aircraft easier to see

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