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Evolution of Fingerprinting: From Ancient Customs to Modern Science

Explore the rich history and scientific principles behind fingerprints, from ancient Chinese practices to present-day classification systems and admissibility in court.

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Evolution of Fingerprinting: From Ancient Customs to Modern Science

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  1. FINGERPRINTS

  2. History of Fingerprints

  3. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING • Chinese used fingerprints to sign legal documents as far back as three thousand years ago • William Herschel, an English civil servant (India), required natives to sign contracts with an imprint of their right hand – Hindu custom?

  4. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING • In 1880, Scottish physician, Henry Fauld wrote that skin ridge patterns could be important in identification work • A thief left his fingerprint on a whitewashed wall – compared with 1st suspect - No match; compared with 2nd suspect with positive association

  5. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING • Fauld offered to set up a system of fingerprints at Scotland Yard (at his own expense) • Rejected in favor of the Bertillon System • This decision reversed less than two decades later

  6. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING • The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised and introduced by the French police expert, Alphonse Bertillon, in 1883.

  7. Bertillon’s System Relied on: • Portraite Parlé – Detailed description of the individual • Full length and profile photographs • Anthropometry – A system of precise body measurements

  8. ANTHROPOMETRY • A method of identification • Based upon the premise that the dimensions of the human skeletal system remained fixed from age 20 until death • Eleven (11) measurements taken - to include height, width of head & length of left foot

  9. FRANCIS GALTON • In 1892, published the classic work Finger Prints • In this book he discussed the anatomy of fingerprints and suggested methods for recording them • Proposed three pattern types: loops, whorls and arches

  10. FRANCISGALTON • No two prints are identical • An individual’s prints remain unchanged from one year to the next

  11. SIR EDWARD HENRY • Englishman • In 1897, proposed another classification system which is still in use today • Most English-speaking countries use some version of Henry’s classification system

  12. In the United States • 1901 – First systematic use of fingerprints adopted by the New York Civil Service Commission • 1904 – American police received training in fingerprint techniques from Scotland Yards representatives • 1924 – Fingerprint records from the Bureau of Investigation and Leavenworth merged to form records for the new FBI

  13. Admissibility of Fingerprints • Challenged in the case of United States v. Byron C. Mitchell • Argued under Daubert guidelines that fingerprints were not unique • Judge upheld admissibility and ruled: 1. Human friction ridges are unique and permanent 2. Human friction ridge skin arrangements are unique and permanent

  14. Frye and Daubert shows that evidence submitted to court should have general acceptance in the scientific community

  15. PHYSIOLOGY OF FINGERPRINTS

  16. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS FIRST PRINCIPLE: Friction Ridges develop their Unique form in the fetus

  17. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS SECOND PRINCIPLE: A Fingerprint will remain LARGELY UNCHANGED during an Individual’s Lifetime

  18. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS THIRD PRINCIPLE: -Friction Ridge Patterns and their details are UNIQUE -No Two Fingers have yet been found to possess IDENTICAL RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS (even identical twins!!)

  19. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS FOURTH PRINCIPLE: FINGERPRINTS CAN BE SYSTEMATICALLY CLASSIFIED by GENERAL RIDGE PATTERNS

  20. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS MINUTIAE - Ridge Characteristics Define Individuality • IDENTITY • NUMBER • RELATIVE LOCATION • COMPARE POINT BY POINT • POSSIBLY 150 POINTS ON THE AVERAGE FINGERPRINT

  21. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS MINUTIAE - Ridge Characteristics Define Individuality HOW MANY POINTS MAKE A MATCH? Depends on experience and knowledge of the examiner Usually 8 to 16

  22. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS FRICTION SKIN RIDGES Palm Side of Fingers and Thumbs Soles of Feet Provide Firmer Grasp Resistance to Slippage Lines corresponding to Hills (ridges) & Valleys (grooves)

  23. SKIN COMPOSED OF LAYERS OF CELLS EPIDERMIS - OUTER DERMIS - INNER LAYER DERMAL PAPILLAE - IN BETWEEN

  24. SKIN SKIN RIDGES CONTAIN PORES Openings for ducts from sweat glands Perspiration discharged to surface of skin Transfer is called LATENT FINGERPRINTS

  25. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS ARCHES 5% LOOPS 60% - 65% WHORLS 30% - 35%

  26. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS ARCHES - least common of three general patterns • RIDGES ENTER ONE SIDE OF PATTERN AND EXIT ANOTHER • PLAIN ARCHES - wavelike pattern • TENTED ARCHES - sharp spike

  27. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS LOOPS - most common type • Ridges enter one side and exit same side • ULNAR LOOP - opens toward little finger • RADIAL LOOP - opens toward thumb

  28. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS LOOPS - • CORE • TYPE LINES • DELTA

  29. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS WHORLS - FOUR TYPES • Plain • Central pocket loop • Double loop • Accidental • ALL HAVE TWO DELTAS & TYPE LINES

  30. Minutiae • Minutiae are the details in a fingerprint. • With the minutiae a fingerprint  identification can be made. • There are big details like starting lines, splitting lines and line fragments. But there are also smaller details like pores, incipient ridges, and line shapes.

  31. Minutiae • Line-unit, it exists as only one isle with a pore. • Line-fragment. 2 or more line-units • A beginning or ending line.

  32. Minutiae • Bifurcation, a splitting line. • Eye or Lake, two lines splitting and meeting each other shortly after that. • Hook or spur, a short splitting line.

  33. Minutiae • Pores, details in number, shape and size. • Line shape, the lines vary breadth. • Scars, the lines can not recover anymore. •   Incipient ridges, between the papillary lines.

  34. Minutiae • Creases, also permanent •   Warts, not permanent but also typical. •   Temporary damages. •   Deformation, the lines deform and fall apart.

  35. Crossover Core Bifurcation (fork) Ridge ending Scar Island Delta Pore

  36. FINGERPRINT DEVELOPMENT

  37. Types of Fingerprints VISIBLE - RIDGES PLACED ON A SURFACE AFTER CONTACT WITH A COLORED MATERIAL (blood, paint,grease, ink)

  38. Types of Fingerprints PLASTIC - RIDGES LEFT ON A SOFT MATERIAL (putty, wax, soap, dust)

  39. Types of Fingerprints LATENT - HIDDEN OR INVISIBLE TRANSFER OF BODY PERSPIRATION OR OILS MUST BE ENHANCED

  40. Types of Surfaces NON-POROUS GLASS, MIRROR, PLASTIC, PAINTED SURFACES ENHANCE WITH SUPER GLUE and/or POWDER

  41. Types of Surfaces POROUS PAPER, CARDBOARD, CLOTH ENHANCE WITH CHEMICALS

  42. METHODS OF ENHANCEMENT FINGERPRINT POWDERS • BLACK (white surfaces) • GRAY (dark surfaces) • FLUORESCENT (multi-colored surfaces) • MAGNETIC (leather or rough plastic) • ADHERES TO PERSPIRATION and/or BODY OILS

  43. METHODS OF ENHANCEMENT CHEMICALS IODINE FUMING – orange/brown color NINHYDRIN - - REACTS WITH PROTEINS (amino acids) PHYSICAL DEVELOPER - - SILVER NITRATE BASED - USED WHEN OTHER METHODS UNSUCCESSFUL

  44. METHODS OF ENHANCEMENT CHEMICALS SUPER GLUE FUMING - • CYANOACRYLATE ESTER • NON-POROUS SURFACES • CREATE FUMES WITH HEAT • Not suitable for porous substances • PORTABLE WAND AVAILABLE

  45. METHODS OF ENHANCEMENT FLUORESENCE • PERSPIRATION CONTAINS COMPONENTS THAT FLUORESCE WHEN ILLUMINATED WITH LASER LIGHT • HIGHLY SENSITIVE • ALTERNATE LIGHT SOURCE • QUARTZ HALOGEN • ZENON ARC • INDIUM ARC • DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH DNA TESTING

  46. PRESERVATION AND COMPARISON OF FINGERPRINTS

  47. PRESERVATION OF ENHANCED PRINTS PHOTOGRAPHY • 1:1 SCALE LIFTING • TAPE • HINGED LIFTER

  48. PRESERVATION OF ENHANCED PRINTS DIGITAL IMAGING • SCANNER • DIGITAL CAMERA • VIDEO CAMERA • ENHANCE WITH FILTERS, CONTRAST OR BRIGHTNESS • REMOVE BACKGROUND COLORS • SCALING / RESIZING TOOLS • SIDE-BY-SIDE COMPARISON

  49. A F I S Automated Fingerprint Identification System

  50. A F I S Automatic Scanning Devices Convert Fingerprint Image into Digital Minutiae • RIDGE ENDINGS • BIFURCATIONS

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