Culture and Culture change

1. Culture and Culture change • Emic and etic • Participant observation • Cultural relativism – objectivity • Marvin Harris, Franz, Boas, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Meade • Culture • Material culture • Subculture • Society • Ethnocentrism • Acculturation and assimilation • Multiculturalism • Diffusion • Revolution • Globalization

2. Three divisions of culture • Infrastructure • Production • Reproduction • Structure • Allocation, regulation & exchange of goods & labor • Domestic economy • Political economy • Superstructure • Religion • Arts & literature • Science • Sports & recreation

3. Economics Definition of Economy – Modes of Subsistence • Food Collectors • Hunter-gatherers/Foragers • Australian aborigines • Kwakiutl – Pacific Northwest • !Kung San – southern Africa • Richard Lee • Food Producers • Horticulturalists – extensive shifting agriculture • Yanomamö – Amazon region of Brazil/Venezuela • Pastoralists • Animal husbandry • Saami of Scandinavia • Baluch

4. Intensive agriculture – permanent field cultivation • Irrigation • Terracing • Specialized equipment – plows, waterwheels, etc. Intensification of Food Production • Esther Boserup • 3 theories of food production in the Near East • Population growth in areas of abundant wild resources push people to marginal areas • Global population in world’s most habitable areas forced broader spectrum of resources • Climate change

5. Distribution of goods and resources • Reciprocity • Foragers, Extensive and Intensive agriculturalists • Generalized Reciprocity • Silent trade • San and G//ana in the NyaeNyaearea of Namibia • Richard Lee • Kinship embedded reciprocal exchange • Balanced Reciprocity • Barter

6. Redistribution • Extensive & Intensive farmers, Herders, Fishers • Marvin Harris – redistribution and agriculture • Egalitarian Redistribution • Stratified Redistribution • Modest providers • Competition and boastfulness • Kwakiutl Potlatches • Competitive feasting • Melanesians • Trade partnerships • B. Malinowski and Kula trade of Trobriand Islands • metaphorical “kin”

7. Market or Commercial Exchange • Intensive agriculturalists & Herders • Commercial agriculture (Agribusiness) • Industrialization • Hawala – clandestine remittances • Industrial Capitalism • Primitive Capitalism – Kapauka of New Guinea • Money (price market) - $$$ • Allocation of resources – private property vs. communal land • Economic Production • Forced and required labor • Corvée • Division of labor • Marvin Harris

8. Social Stratification • Egalitarian Societies • !Kung San (southern Africa) • Australian Aborigenes • Yanomamö (Venezuelan Amazon) • Rank Societies • Samoans, Tahitians, Trobriand islanders • Class Societies • USA, India, Inca, Aztec, Romans, etc. • Caste • Slavery

9. Marriage, Family and Kinship Marriageand legitimacy • Ritual husband • Nayarof Kerala, India • Dahomeyof West Africa • Kwakiutl • Economic aspects of marriage • Bride-price • Bathongaof Africa • Bride-service • Groom-price • Dowry • Arabs • India • parts of Eastern and Southern Europe

10. Who to marry and who not to marry? • Incest taboo • Arranged marriages • Exogamy and endogamy • Cousin marriage • Cross cousins • Parallel cousins • How to marry? • Polygamy • Polygyny – sororal and nonsororal • Sioux Indians - Sitting Bull • traditional Muslims • Polyandry – fraternal and nonfraternal • Tibetans • Toda of India • Sinhalese of Sri Lanka • Monogamy

11. Family and Kinship • Nuclear/monogamous family • Modern USA, !Kung San of KyaeKyae • Independent family • Extended family • Taiwan • Marital residence patterns • Patrilocal • Matrilocal • Bilocal • Avunculocal • Neolocal

12. Kinship • Rules of descent – common ancestor • Unilineal descent • Patrilineal descent • matrilineal descent • Lineages • Clans • Phratries • Moieties • Ambilineal descent • Bilateral kinship – two-sided • Kindred • Ego

13. Kinship Patterns

14. Kinship Patterns

15. Political Life

16. Religion and Magic Variation in religious beliefs • Religion • Supernatural • Mana vs. taboo • Supernatural beings • Gods • Spirits & ghosts • Monotheistic vs. polytheistic

17. Religion and Magic Variation in religious practices • Rituals • Divination • Magic • Sorcery • Witchcraft • Practitioners • Shamans • Sorcerers & witches • Mediums • Priests

18. Study Questions • The spread of contemporary cultural traits around the world, such as fast food chains like McDonalds, foods such as ramen noodles, tortilla chips, hamburgers, and sushi, and world trade is most commonly referred to now days as • Acculturation • Assimilation • Diffusion • Globalization • Marvin Harris’ paradigm of cultural relativism is based on • objectivism • ethnocentrism • environmental determinism • Racism • Richard Lee gave a cow for Christmas and was ridiculed for his “worthless meat.” The hunter/gatherers who responded in this manner were the • Trobrianders • Kwakiutl • !Kung San • Yanomamö

19. Kula trade with its system of “metaphorical kin” is practiced among the • Trobrianders • Kwakiutl • !Kung San • Yanomamö • Totem poles and Potlatches are common in the northwestern USA and western Canada among the • Trobrianders • Kwakiutl • !Kung San • Yanomamö • Which type of economy is probably the most egalitarian? • hunter/gatherer • shifting cultivation • intensive farming • commercial

20. Which type of economy can be associated mostly with reciprocity? • hunter/gatherer • shifting cultivation • intensive farming • both A and B • Which type of economy is more closely associated with class/caste-based societies of the industrialized nations? • hunter/gatherer • shifting cultivation • intensive farming • market/commercial • Cold and dry climates are often associated with which type of economy? • hunter/gatherer • pastoralism • intensive farming • both A and B

21. Humid tropical/rainforest environments are often associated with which economy? • hunter/gatherer • shifting cultivation • intensive farming • market/commercial • Mechanization and agribusiness are associated with which economy? • hunter/gatherer • shifting cultivation • intensive farming • market/commercial • Horticulturalists in the Amazon include which culture? • !Kung San • Inuit • Yanomamö • Kwakiutl

22. Which culture is considered a classic example of rank and redistribution? • !Kung San • Australian Aborigines • Kwakiutl • United States • Which culture is considered a classic example of a market economy? • !Kung San • Australian Aborigines • Kwakiutl • United States • Disparity in material wealth tends to be rare or lowest among • foragers • horticulturalists and pastoralists • traditional intensive farmers • market capitalists

23. Racism is an unfortunate circumstance that tends to be more common in societies that are based on • egalitarianism • reciprocity • rank • class/caste • The kind of descent pattern that is common in modern industrialized societies is • Bilateral • Ambilineal • Patrilineal • Matrilineal • The kind of descent pattern that is common in most traditional farming societies is • Bilateral • Ambilineal • Patrilineal • Matrilineal

24. The kind of descent pattern that is common in simple hunter gatherer societies is • Bilateral • Ambilineal • Patrilineal • Matrilineal • A payment to the groom’s family for accepting a new bride is known as a • bride-price • bride service • dowry • groom price • A payment to the bride’s family in order to compensate for their loss of a mother-wife is known as a • bride-price • bride service • dowry • groom price

25. A payment made to the groom’s family to compensate for their loss of a father-husband is known as a • bride-price • bride service • dowry • groom price • The practice of a man having multiple wives is known as • monogamy • polygamy • polygyny • polyandry • The practice of a woman having multiple husbands is known as • monogamy • polygamy • polygyny • polyandry

26. Which type of marital arrangement is most common in our society as well as in many hunter/gatherer societies? • patrilocal • matrilocal • avunculocal • Neolocal • The shaman in the Shaman’s Apprentice is associated with a • leopard • jaguar • tiger • monkey • In the Shaman’s Apprentice, the Maroons were people whose ancestry was • Amerindian • African • English • Dutch

27. The socio-political organization in which a single leader is usually absent is a • band • tribe • chiefdom • state • In a traditional state level of political organization the leader would most likely be a • headman • chief • king • big man • The socio-political organization which is characterized by a “headman”, or a “headwoman”, is a • band • tribe • chiefdom • State

28. Societies that are associated mostly with rank and redistribution are based on which type of political organization? • band • tribe • chiefdom • state • Societies that are associated with class and market exchange are based which type of political organization? • band • tribe • chiefdom • state • Societies that are associated with mostly intensive (and commercial) agriculture usually are based on which type of political organization? • band • tribe • chiefdom • State

29. Societies that are associated with mostly extensive/shifting agriculture usually are based on which type of political organization? • tribe • chiefdom • state • both A and B • Societies that are associated with foraging and food collecting usually are based on which type of political organization? • band • tribe • chiefdom • state • A part-time religious practitioner with a respectable status in a tribal society is most commonly known by anthropologists as a • sorcerer • shaman • priest • witch

30. A part-time religious practitioner who specializes in supernatural malevolence and has a less-than-respectable status in a tribal society is known as a • sorcerer • shaman • priest • Medium • The Day of the Dead in Mexico and Guatemala manifests the worship of • gods • demons • mana • ancestor spirits • The practice of voodoo, whether for benevolent or malevolent purposes, is most accurately associated with • religion • sorcery • witchcraft • Magic

31. Supernatural beings that are the most anthropomorphic in nature are known as • gods • taboos • mana • spirits • Supernatural beings that are impersonal forces such those that can be found in rocks are known as • gods • taboos • mana • spirits • Supernatural beings that are associated with things that are prohibited or considered to be harmful are known as • gods • taboos • mana • Spirits

32. The earliest form of supernatural beings to emerge in the evolution of human culture were • gods • mana • ghosts • ancestral spirits • A full-time religious practitioner which is more common in more complex societies is known as a • sorcerer • shaman • priest • Medium • Formal hierarchical religions such as Islam, Christianity or Hinduism are more typical of a social structure that is • egalitarian • ranked-based • class-based • all of these

33. Religions of ancient civilizations such as the Mayan, Aztec, Inca, and Egyptian placed greatest importance on which type of practitioners? • shamans • priests • sorcerers • witches • Sacrifice and offering are most closely associated with • magic • sorcery • witchcraft • Divination

34. Essays • Explain how religion, nature, and science are all directly intertwined in traditional societies and the importance of the roles of ethnobotanists and shamans such as featured in the Shaman’s Apprentice. • Explain the progression from simple to most advanced cultures based on social, political, economic, and religious organization. Make comparisons and cite examples where possible. • Explain the entire process, whereby humans evolved from foragers to farmers and to civilizations and from egalitarian to rank and to class-based societies and why these transitions in technology and economic and political complexity took place only in certain regions and not in others.