Do Now: List 5 things that you would want if you ever wanted to expand your country’s territory?

1. Do Now:List 5 things that you would want if you ever wanted to expand your country’s territory?

2. Louisiana Purchase: Real Estate Deal of the Century! Glacier National Park: Montana

3. What You Need to Know by the end of this: • Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of our nation’s territory • Thomas Jefferson purchased it for about $15 million dollars from Napoleon, the Emperor of France • When you boil it down, it cost less than 4 cents an acre. • It provided us the Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, New Orleans, and the entire Mississippi River. • It also kept the French and British from fighting a war between each other in our own backyards.

4. TJ’s Dilemma • The French were currently engaged in a long war with the British • Napoleon secretly reclaimed Louisiana from the Spanish, which worried Jefferson • There was a chance that New Orleans could be closed to US trade, which would be catastrophic to the US economy • Question: How would Napoleon controlling Louisiana cause a problem for the security of the US?

5. How did we get this good deal? • At first, Napoleon wanted to have a huge overseas empire to supply him with raw materials • Soon, he became preoccupied with affairs in Europe, especially defeating the British • Jefferson sent Robert Livingston to France in order to buy New Orleans • Instead, Livingston asked to buy all of Louisiana- any problems with that? • Napoleon’s emissary agreed to the deal… SURPRISE!!!! • Napoleon thought that maybe he could avoid a world war with Great Britain if he no longer controlled Louisiana • So, he decided to get rid of it for whatever price he could get.

7. Why did we want it? • We needed to control the Mississippi River • We wanted to control New Orleans, which was a major port. • We also wanted to add to our territory • Would avoid the British and the French from fighting in our backyard • Obviously, it was a good price. Thomas Jefferson: The man who made the deal

8. What We Got:

9. Just the facts • 840,000 square miles of territory • 15 million dollars • Complete control of both the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers • Control of New Orleans • Less than 4 cents an acre • Access to the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains • More land

10. Review Questions: • Who did we buy the Louisiana Purchase from? • Why did he want to give it up? • How much did we get it for? • Why did we want to buy it in the first place?

11. Lewis and Clark • Congress agreed to finance Jefferson’s call for an expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory- why would they need to have an expedition? • Jefferson chose his private secretary – Meriwether Lewis, to lead the expedition • Lewis chose William Clark as his companion officer, who also was a cartographer • They were accompanied by around 80 or so soldiers • Expedition began in the Spring of 1804 from St. Louis, MO.

12. Goals of the Expedition • Search for river routes to the western ocean • Make contact with Native Americans living in the territory • Gather information about the territory, especially trade routes and natural resources • 1805 – French fur trapper and his wife, Sacajawea were hired to help, Sacajawea was a very useful translator.

13. The expedition • Expedition reached the Pacific Ocean in 1805 • Returned east by 1806 • Journey lasted 2 years and 4 months, was a success and filled in many of the details of the vast land to the west: Lewis drew thousands of pictures, and Clark mapped the entire territory • Additional information was gathered by ZebulonPike who traveled as far west as the Rockies and then south into Spanish-held territory between 1806-1807

14. Jefferson’s Role • Even though TJ didn’t want the government to grow, he had to in order to settle Louisiana • Eventually, he also did some other things that went along with this… • Louisiana helped Jefferson gain more support in the South and West, but hurt his support in the Northeast • His first term ended with success… • He easily won re-election in 1804, because Federalists realized he had not destroyed the country like they had thought.

15. Aaron Burr’s a character • Although he was still Vice President, Aaron Burr was ostracized by Jefferson • Soon he became associated with a Federalist plot to have New England secede from the United States • Either way, he agreed to run for Governor of New York as a Federalist • Even though he most likely wasn’t a part of the plot, Hamilton published a series of scathing articles in New York that questioned his character • Burr lost the election, and blamed Hamilton for it • He challenged Hamilton to a duel- Hamilton agreed because he didn’t want to be seen as a coward • Burr shot Hamilton in the stomach and had to lay low for a bit because he was wanted for murder • Afterwards he was involved in an alleged scheme to take over Mexico and the Southwest

17. The Embargo Act • TJ had some issues to deal with internationally as well • Great Britain and France started harassing our shipping just as they had 10 years before • France declared that any neutral vessel that stopped at a British port would be seized • Britain declared that all ships headed for continental Europe had to first stop in Britain or its cargo transferred to a British ship • In other words, the US was left with few options regarding international trade

18. Escalation In early 1807 a British naval vessel, The Leopard attacked an American ship, the Chesapeake and 21 Americans were killed Congress was in recess, so Jefferson and Madison needed to try to solve the problem on their own TJ had a difficult decision to make: risk going to war? Risk independence? He told his ambassador to Britain, James Monroe to get the British to renounce impressment, but that was unsuccessful Britain did agree to return three of the four captured sailors (the other one was hanged, oops!) He finally persuaded Congress to pass the Embargo Act

19. This political cartoon is from 1807 • What does ‘ograbme’ represent? • What is it trying to say? • Why would someone want to publish this in a newspaper? • Is it pro or anti Embargo Act? • What kind of influence would a cartoon like this have on the public?

20. Issues with the Embargo Act • TJ created the Embargo Act b/c: 1. couldn’t declare war on England and France at the same time 2. felt that the economic results for both would be catastrophic • The act said that all international trade would be illegal- why not just Britain and France? • Merchants across the country were outraged, because their exporting businesses were devastated by the act and many simply just violated it because it was not strictly enforced. • Federalist opposition mounted and soon Jefferson’s popularity waned, and he reluctantly agreed to get rid of the Embargo Act if England and France agreed to allow neutral shipping free access to the seas. • France agreed, England didn’t… which led us to another problem with England in a few years time… the War of 1812. • Nevertheless, Jefferson retired after his second term and Madison won a close victory in 1808 to ensure the Dem-Republicans a future.

21. Native American Problems • In addition to mounting pressure from Great Britain, James Madison faced threats from Native Americans in the Midwest • Often, these threats resulted in attacks on American settlements, and people were put into danger • Newly elected members of Congress from southwestern states like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun pressed Madison for action. • Most Native Americans had left the ‘old west’ and moved past the Mississippi, but the ones that remained felt pressed by the increased westward migration of settlers • In 1795, several tribes signed the Treaty of Greenville in which Native Americans agreed to abandon 2/3 of Ohio, pushing them further westwards

22. 4 Choices for Native Americans • Accept White Culture: adapt some of the white customs and try to live with them. • Blend the two cultures: take some NA cultural attributes and combine them with white customs • Reject any notion of White culture: go back to NA customs, and do not try to assimilate in any way whatsoever • Military Action: Defend the customs through violence Question: Why might the Native Americans have no choice but to violently resist Westward migration?

23. Accepting White Culture • Little Turtle, leader of the Miami people in Northern Indiana had been a war hero in the early 1790’s • Little Turtle made peace with the white settlers after the Treaty of Greenville • Learned to accept and ultimately adopt some of the whites’ customs • Some Native Americans followed his lead

24. Blending the Cultures • “Handsome Lake” - a Seneca Native American chief/spiritual leader had fought with the British during the Revolution, faced a similar challenge • He lived on reservations after the war, and realized that whites and NA’s would have to coexist if there was to be peace. • 1799 – Handsome Lake called for a rebirth of Seneca culture that would blend Native American customs with those of the White Americans

25. Refusal to Comply • ‘The Prophet’ or Tenskawatawa felt that Native Americans should live separately, rather than together, from whites • He established a settlement at Prophetstown, Indiana for NA’s to live in apart from whites • As time went on, he began to develop a more belligerent attitude towards whites, which was encouraged by his brother Tecumseh

26. Midwest Battles • By 1811, Little Turtle and Handsome Lake’s peaceful plans came to an abrupt end • The Prophet and Tecumseh protested the agreement reached by certain NA tribes and the US government at the Treaty of Fort Wayne, which effectively tricked out the Native Americans from Indiana • When Tecumseh was away trying to recruit other southern tribes to his cause, Governor William Henry Harrison attacked the Prophet at Tippecanoe • After the battle, Harrison burned Prophetstown to the ground. • Although no one really won, it made a name for Harrison and killed the morale of the Native Americans.

27. Questions to Ponder • Why do you think Native Americans such as Tecumseh and Tenskawatawa were willing to fight? • What role do you feel the US government played in creating this situation? • What do you think the government felt after seeing the resiliency of the Native Americans? • Do you see any future problems arising after the defeat of the Prophet and Tecumseh?

28. War of 1812: First Attack on Sovereignty • James Madison walked into a difficult situation when he took over as President in 1809. • Great Britain continued to harass our sailors, ‘impressing’ them into service in the Royal Navy, and generally disrupting our international trade • In addition, he faced the political pressure created by the Native American resistance out west • Soon, all of these factors boiled over into the War of 1812, which most people say was fought for no reason, but whose results greatly changed the destiny of our country.

29. Generational Shift • Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, those two new Congressmen, led a group nicknamed ‘War Hawks’ who argued that the British needed to be removed from North America • Clay and Calhoun were both born during the Revolution, so they didn’t experience the struggles of the Founding generation • They also were very proud of the US’ accomplishments like the Louisiana Purchase, which is why they wanted to stand up to the British • They happened to be from very strong Jeffersonian areas: the South and West • Clay was elected Speaker of the House, so he controlled a great deal of influence over whether or not to declare war

30. Battle Map

31. War!! • Madison was soon swept into war fever as well • Eventually, he wrote a message to Congress asking for a declaration of war against the British • Publically, impressment and the arming of the Native Americans were the reasons why we declared war • However, there was also the desire for further expansion into Canada- why wouldn’t they make that public too?

32. The Game Plan • A few American generals felt that the British would be vulnerable in Canada because the British were too focused on Napoleon in France • When they attempted to invade Canada, the Canadians and British drove us back onto American soil, which damaged morale • Some success was found at sea, where the US Navy gained a good reputation, especially on the Great Lakes • On the Great Lakes, both the British and Americans constructed hastily built navies because there was no direct water route to the lakes from the ocean

33. Reality Sets In • Even though the British were fighting on two sides of the globe, they proved their superiority in almost every land battle • Despite the being preoccupied with Napoleon in Europe, the British navy still maintained a blockade of the entire coast • Once Napoleon was defeated in early 1814, the British were able to bring their full attention on us • They invaded Chesapeake Bay and landed just north of Washington, the US was not able to stop them from burning the city • Some people encouraged Madison to move the capital, but he refused and Congress was forced to meet in whatever buildings they could find • Then they attacked Baltimore, but the US was prepared for that, and scored a few victories • By the end, the country was almost bankrupt, trade destroyed, and Madison’s reputation was severely tarnished

34. Some Bright Spots • The war officially ended in 1815, when the Treaty of Ghent was signed. • Two weeks after the treaty had been signed, the British army attacked New Orleans, which was defended by Andrew Jackson’s 5,000 men. • Jackson scored a complete victory and he invaded Spanish controlled Florida under secret orders from Madison. • As a side note, Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner during a battle in Baltimore harbor.

35. Aftermath • Officially, the war ended in a stalemate, but had the British been able to focus only on us, it may have ended differently • It led to the birth of nationalism, which is a sense of pride in one’s country • England ceased to seize our ships and take our sailors, so in the end we got what we wanted in the first place. • Madison retired after the 1816 election, and he was succeeded by James Monroe, who sought to further expand our territory and our reputation around the world.