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Microcrystal in human urine

Microcrystal in human urine. NH4MgPO4·6H2O. Calcium phosphate Hydroxylapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate in garlic skin, Rogelio Moreno, Polarized light microscopy. “Models for protein binding to calcium oxalate surfaces”,

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Microcrystal in human urine

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  1. Microcrystal in human urine

  2. NH4MgPO4·6H2O Calcium phosphate Hydroxylapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Calcium oxalate

  3. Calcium oxalate

  4. Calcium oxalate in garlic skin, Rogelio Moreno, Polarized light microscopy

  5. “Models for protein binding to calcium oxalate surfaces”, • Gul and P. Rez, Urol. Res. 35, (2007), 63-71 • Many think that Negatively charged amino acids • (deprotonated aspartic and glutamatic acid) bind Calcium. • Calcium oxalate stone matrix proteins: • Prothrombin fragment 1, bikunin, • β-microglobulin, transferrin, antitrypsin • How these proteins bind to crystal surface? • They inhibit the growth or act as nucleation sites?

  6. Kidney stones Calcium oxalate crystals form for alkaline urine pH>5.5

  7. Kidney stones Calcium oxalate crystal form for Urine pH>5.5

  8. 2009, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Aspartic acid-rich peptides adsorbed on a calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal surface. AFM image collected during growth of the [010] face of COM

  9. 1296->139 conformers Six most stable aspartic acid conformers in gas M.E.Sanz e al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2010,12, 3573

  10. Guano More energy to produce, but less toxic

  11. Urea crystal cif file GaussView Space group P421m,   No. 113 (tetragonal) Lattice parameters a=5.661A,   b=5.661A,  c=4.712A http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/CIF_text_files/10256_cif.txt

  12. Blood serum High level of uric acid  gout Low level of uric acid  multiple sclerosis DNA base purine xanthine oxidase

  13. Human, some primates, dalmatians without urate oxidase Humans do have a gene for urate oxidase, but it is nonfunctional Urate oxidase enzime Relatively insoluble Relatively soluble The gene for urate oxidase was mutated during the evolution of humans to provide us with a benefit for aging. Uric acid is a powerful antioxidant, and the higher levels in our blood, caused by the evolutionary loss of urate oxidase, may help protect us from oxygen damage over our long lifespans.

  14. 20-25 millions years ago

  15. Cysteine Cystine (hexagonal P6122 space group, a = b = 0.5422 nm, c =5.6275 nm) Crystallization of L-cystine is a critical step in the pathogenesis of cystine kidney stones. 

  16. L-Cystine crystals grown with CDME (bottom) are an order of magnitude smaller than those grown without the molecular mimic (top) . Science 330(2010)337 Crystal Growth Inhibitors for the Prevention of L-Cystine Kidney Stones Through Molecular Design Jeffrey D. Rimer, Zhihua An, Zina Zhu, Michael H. Lee, David S. Goldfarb, Jeffrey A. Wesson, Michael D. Ward

  17. Cystinosis

  18. Cystinosis

  19. Cystine-depleting medications are available to treat nephropathic cystinosis.  In a treated cystinotic lysosome, cystine-depleting medications modify cystine to resemble lysine, thus enabling it to go through the lysine transporter. It slows accumulation and crystallization. This may help delay disease progression.  Cystine-depleting medications do not appear to remove previously accumulated crystals in the body or reverse previous damage to the cells. Cysteamine

  20. Cysteamine bitartrate (1976) lysine

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