Ch. 1-- Study Guide

1. Ch. 1-- Study Guide Critically read the whole chapter pp. 1-27 Comprehend Terminology (the text in bold) Study-- Figure questions, Think About It questions, and Before You Go On (section-ending) questions Do end-of-chapter questions: Testing Your Recall— 1-9, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20 True or False– 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10 Testing Your Comprehension--None Except Before You Go On questions, all answers are either in Appendix B or on website

2. Atlas A-- Study Guide Critically read pp. 29-39 Do questions: Testing Your Recall— 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 20 True or False– 1, 3, 4, 7 Testing Your Comprehension--None Except Before You Go On questions, all answers are either in Appendix B or on website

3. Chapter 1—Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology

4. § 1.1—Anatomy & Physiology • Anatomy– The study of __________ • How? • 1. Surface observation, cadaver dissection – together called Gross anatomy • 2. Physical examination—Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion etc. • Examples • 3. Gross anatomy vs. histology– ?

5. § Physiology— • What is physiology? • Two approaches to explain physiological events— • Teleological approaches: focus on ___ • Mechanistic approaches: emphasize _________ • Example: Why do we shiver when we are cold? (A Teleological/Mechanistic approach; circle one)

6. § Anatomy and Physiology— • Structure and function are inseparable • Example— • Integumentary system-- • Can you give another example demonstrating anatomy/physiology relation?

7. Insight 1.5 clinical application • Medical imaging– looking into the body without having to do exploratory surgery • Examples—X rays, fetal sonogram, CAT (Computerized Axial Tomographic) scan, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) etc.

8. Fig. 1.13 (a)– X rays showing the bones and teeth. Figure 1.13a Dense tissues such as bone, teeth, tumors, and tuberculosis nodules leave the film lighter; X rays penetrate soft tissues and darken the film.

9. Fig. 1.14– a) Sonography; b) 32-week-old fetus (3-D sonogram) 9

10. Fig. 1.13 c) Computed tomographic (CT) scan 10

11. § 1.2– The origins of biomedical science • Hippocrates (c. 460-c. 375 BCE)– Greek physician; “father of medicine” • Claudius Galen (c. 130-c. 200)– wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era • Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) – first to publish accurate illustrations for teaching anatomy in 1543 • William Harvey (1578-1657)– blood circulates continuously around the body

12. § 1.3– Scientific method • The inductive method– • Drawing generalizations & predictions after many observations. • Examples– what we know of anatomy • The hypothetico-deductive method– • Forming a hypothesis and then test it • Examples– Most physiological knowledge was obtained this way

13. § Facts, Law, and Theories • A scientific fact– information that can be independently verified by any trained person. Ex– an iron deficiency leads to anemia • A law of nature– a description about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave; Ex– the law of complementary base-pairing • A theory– is an explanatory statement of set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses • Ex– the fluid-mosaic theory of cell mem.

14. § 1.5-- Levels of organization in the body— • Organism– is a single, complete individual • Organ system level– Ex. Digestive sys. • Organ level– Ex. Stomach • Tissue level – 4 types • Cells–basic/smallest units of life; common characteristics of all cells-- • Organelles-- • Chemical level– water molecule Figure 1.8

15. Fig. 1.7 The body’s structural hierarchy

16. § Levels of organization in the body— Q1. Pick an organ and use it to tell a story of its relations to other levels of organization in the body. Q2. List, as many as possible, human organ systems;in addition, give one principal function of each system. Figure A.11 (p.38-39)

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21. § 1.6-- Homeostasis— • Definition– Maintenance of stable conditions in the internal environment • Importance of homeostasis: • Homeostasis is essential for survival of cells– Why? Insight 1.3 (Men in the Oven for 45 minutes; p. 18) • Cells make up the body systems • Homeostasis is the central theme of physiology– How? via cells/body systems Figure x

22. Maintain Body (organ) systems Homeostasis Is essential for survival of Make up Cells 22

23. § Homeostasis— • The internal environment is dynamic and equilibrium (steady) state • dynamic? • equilibrium (steady) state? • What parameters are homeostatically regulated? • Chemical factors— • Physical factors—

24. § Regulation of homeostasis by Negative feedback--A • Definition– change in a factor (controlled variable) triggers a physiological response that seeks to restore the factor by OPPOSING the initial change • Example—control of room/body temperature

25. § Regulation of homeostasis by Negative feedback--B • Three components of a control system • Sensor (receptor)– monitors the control variable (for example, room temp.); what is the sensor? • Integrating (control) center– it compares the sensor’s input with the set point and sends instructions to effector • Effector– action component that . . . Figure 1.9 (a-b)

26. Sensor? Integrating center? Effector?

27. Fig. 1.9(b) Fluctuation of room temperature around the thermostatic set point

28. Fig. 1.10 Negative feedback in human thermoregulation. Figure 1.11

29. § Positive feedback & rapid change--A • Definition– change in a factor triggers a physiological response that AMPLIFIES an initial change • Example— in the birth of a baby; how?

30. Figure 1.12--Positive feedback in childbirth Next slide

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34. § Positive feedback & rapid change--B • Details of birth of a baby • Uterine contractions push the baby against the cervix • the stretching of the cervix triggers nerve impulses • brings about oxytocin secretion • The hormone oxytocin causes even stronger powerful contractions of the uterus

35. § Positive feedback & rapid change--C Q. Map and ID the sensor, integrator, and effector of the above example (child birth). Then explain the homeostatic control system. Why this is a positive negative feedback? Assuming: Controlled variable--Stretching of the cervix

36. Lunch/dinner? • The scientific name for an animal that doesn't either run from or fight its enemies is lunch/dinner.--Michael Friedman • Caveman’s motto: He who hesitates is lunch/dinner.