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Psychological Disorders Chapter 16

Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. Psychological Disorders. Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Defining Psychological Disorders Understanding Psychological Disorders Classifying Psychological Disorders Labeling Psychological Disorders. Psychological Disorders. Anxiety Disorders

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Psychological Disorders Chapter 16

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  1. Psychological DisordersChapter 16

  2. Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders • Defining Psychological Disorders • Understanding Psychological Disorders • Classifying Psychological Disorders • Labeling Psychological Disorders

  3. Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders • Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder • Phobias • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders • Anxiety Disorder Explanation

  4. Psychological Disorders Mood Disorders • Major Depressive Disorders • Bipolar Disorder • Mood Disorder Explanation Schizophrenia • Symptoms of Schizophrenia • Subtypes of Schizophrenia

  5. Psychological Disorders Schizophrenia • Understanding Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Rates of Psychological Disorders

  6. Do Now: How would you define abnormal psychology? • Deviates from normal • Deviates from the majority population • Dysfunctional thoughts, feelings, and actions

  7. Psychological Disorders To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal. William James (1842-1910) There are 450 million people suffering from psychological disorders (WHO, 2004). Depression and schizophrenia exist in all cultures of the world.

  8. Defining Psychological Disorders Criteria for psychological disorder • atypical- not shared by others in population • disturbing- persistently harmful thought, feelings, and actions • maladaptive -harmful to self or others • unjustifiable-doesn’t make sense to average person When behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional psychiatrists and psychologists label it as disordered (Comer, 2004).

  9. What does it feel like to have a psychological disorder?

  10. Psychological Disorders I felt the need to clean my room … spent four to five hour at it … At the time I loved it but then didn't want to do it any more, but could not stop … The clothes hung … two fingers apart …I touched my bedroom wall before leaving the house … I had constant anxiety … I thought I might be nuts. Marc, diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (from Summers, 1996)

  11. Deviant, Distressful & Dysfunctional • Deviant behavior in one culture may be considered normal, while in others it may lead to arrest. • Deviant behavior must accompany distress. • If a behavior is dysfunctional it is clearly a disorder. Carol Beckwith In the Wodaabe tribe men wear costumes to attract women. In Western society this would be considered abnormal.

  12. How do psychological disorders differ from insanity?Insanity is a legal definition that person should not be held accountable for crimes due to psychological disorder

  13. Psychological well-being defined by Carol Ryff: 6 core dimensions • self-acceptance- acknowledges good and bad qualities • positive relations with others • autonomy-independent and self-controlled • environmental mastery- make use of given opportunities • purpose in life-believes life has meaning and one has goals and a sense to get there • personal growth healthy people see themselves as growing and expanding

  14. Understanding Psychological Disorders Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders include trephination, exorcism, being caged like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood. John W. Verano Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)

  15. Medical Model When physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders, they started using medical models to review the physical causes of these disorders. • Etiology: Cause and development of the disorder. • Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another. • Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital. • Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder.

  16. Do Now: Review Homework 1) What criteria must be met for an individual to be classified as psychologically disordered? 2) Briefly contrast the medical model and biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders. 3) Describe one potential danger of using the DSM-IV. 4) Today, the American Psychiatric Association has suggested that nearly 30% of all adults suffer from one or more psychological disorders opposed to 12% in the 1950's. The number of categories of psychological disorders has also increased dramatically from about 60 categories fifty years ago to 400+ today. What do YOU think is the reason for this trend?

  17. Classifying Psychological Disorders The American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders. The most recent edition, DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision, 2000), describes 400 psychological disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s.

  18. Multiaxial Classification Axis I Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present? Axis II Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present? Axis III Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present? Axis IV Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present? Axis V What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning?

  19. Goals of DSM • Describe (400) disorders. • Determine how prevalent the disorder is. Disorders outlined by DSM-IV are reliable. Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are similar. DSM-IV has been criticized for “putting any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry.”

  20. Labeling Psychological Disorders • Critics of the DSM-IV argue that labels may stigmatize individuals. Elizabeth Eckert, Middletown, NY. From L. Gamwell and N. Tomes, Madness in America, 1995. Cornell University Press. Asylum baseball team (labeling)

  21. Labeling Psychological Disorders 2. Labels may be helpful for healthcare professionals when communicating prognoses and establishing therapy.

  22. Labeling Psychological Disorders • “Insanity” labels raise moral and ethical questions Elaine Thompson/ AP Photo Theodore Kaczynski (Unabomber)

  23. Anxiety Disorders Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety. • Generalized anxiety disorders • Phobias • Panic disorders • Obsessive-compulsive disorders

  24. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms • Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension. 2. Autonomic arousal. 3. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings.

  25. Panic Disorder Symptoms Minute-long episodes of intense dread which may include chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations. Anxiety in panic disorder can cause people to avoid social situations

  26. http://www.viddler.com/explore/promovideos1/videos/8/

  27. Phobia Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior.

  28. Kinds of Phobias Agoraphobia Phobia of open places. Acrophobia Phobia of heights. Claustrophobia Phobia of closed spaces. Hemophobia Phobia of blood.

  29. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7ucqimdau8 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44DCWslbsNM

  30. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.

  31. Brain Imaging A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High metabolic activity (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with directing attention. Brain image of an OCD

  32. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)= Four or more weeks of the following symptoms • Haunting memories 2. Nightmares 3. Social withdrawal 4. Jumpy anxiety 5. Sleep problems Bettmann/ Corbis

  33. Resilience to PTSD Only about 10% of women and 20% of men react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD. Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience against traumatic situations.

  34. Explaining Anxiety Disorders Freud suggested that we repress our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety.

  35. The Learning Perspective Learning theorists suggest that fear conditioning leads to anxiety. Anxiety can become associated with other objects or events (stimulus generalization) and is reinforced through avoidance John Coletti/ Stock, Boston

  36. The Learning Perspective Observational learning. Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.

  37. The Biological Perspective Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species. Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety.

  38. The Biological Perspective Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and even OCD are linked with brain circuits like the anterior cingulate cortex. S. Ursu, V.A. Stenger, M.K. Shear, M.R. Jones, & C.S. Carter (2003). Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Science, 14, 347-353. Anterior Cingulate Cortex of an OCD patient.

  39. Dissociative Disorder Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Symptoms • Having a sense of being unreal. 2. Being separated from the body. 3. Watching yourself as if in a movie.

  40. Dissociative Amnesia-loss of memory for a traumatic event or period of timeDissociative fugue- personal memory loss

  41. Do Now: Review Questions1) What are the main objectives of the DSM-IV?2) What is the difference between a compulsion and obsession?2) How does dissociative disorder differ from dissociative identity disorder?3) Who is most at risk for dissociative disorder?

  42. Abnormal PsychologyMarch 22, 2010AIM: Mood disorders….

  43. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Is a disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, formerly called multiple personality disorder. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLGluMf-cH8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iHJfIH20TY Lois Bernstein/ Gamma Liason Chris Sizemore (DID)

  44. http://www.sho.com/site/video/brightcove/series/title.do?bcpid=14033855001http://www.sho.com/site/video/brightcove/series/title.do?bcpid=14033855001 United States of Tara http://www.trailerspy.com/trailer/1730/The-United-States-of-Tara-Promo-Trailer • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NpPd1iTvRA

  45. DID Critics Critics argue that the diagnosis of DID increased in the late 20th century. Critics’ Arguments • Role-playing by people open to a therapist’s suggestion. 2. Learned response that reinforces reductions in anxiety.

  46. Mood Disorders Emotional extremes of mood disorders come in two principal forms. • Major depressive disorder-unipolar, “common cold” • Bipolar disorder- highs and lows

  47. Major Depressive Disorder In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002). Blue mood Major Depressive Disorder Gasping for air after a hard run Chronic shortness of breath

  48. Major Depressive Disorder -Signs of depression last at least two weeks -not caused by drugs or medical conditions. Signs: • Lethargy and fatigue • Change in sleeping patterns • Feelings of worthlessness • Loss of interest in family & friends • Loss of interest in activities

  49. Blue Mood Dysthymic Disorder Major Depressive Disorder Dysthymic Disorder Daily depression lasting two years or more.

  50. Seasonal Affective Disorder Calendar linked pattern of depression 15 % of all depression cases

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