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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are better known as sugars and starches. Carbohydrates. Elements. Hydrogen:1 Oxygen:2 Carbon:1 They are Present In a 1:2:1 Ratio Ex: C6H12O6. C:H:0 Ratio. They are found in a 1:2:1 Ratio For Example: Glucose: 6C 12H 6O

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Carbohydrates

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  1. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are better known as sugars and starches.

  2. Carbohydrates

  3. Elements • Hydrogen:1 • Oxygen:2 • Carbon:1 • They are Present In a 1:2:1 Ratio Ex: C6H12O6

  4. C:H:0 Ratio They are found in a 1:2:1 Ratio For Example: Glucose: 6C 12H 6O What would fructose be if there were 10 H?

  5. Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Where do you find solutions? In cells! Carbons are numbered

  6. Numbered carbons C 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' energy stored in C-C bonds C C 3' 2'

  7. Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides simple 1 monomer sugars glucose Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose Polysaccharides large polymers starch CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Glucose

  8. Role in Living Things • Quick Energy • Structural components (as complex sugars)

  9. Monosaccharides • Building blocks • Glucose • Fructose • Galactose

  10. Simple Sugars are…Monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose (C6H12O6) and function as an energy source in cells during cellular respiration and are also used to build cell structures and other organic molecules within the cells. • MONOSACCHARIDES= 1 SUGAR • As you look at the examples, try to find out what all the names of the sugars have in common….

  11. Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) H O C CH2OH CH2OH C OH O H H O H H H OH H OH H C H HO OH HO HO H H H OH OH H Glyceraldehyde Glucose Ribose 6 5 3

  12. Examples of Monosaccharides • Glucose- most common monomer: found in all polysaccharides like starch: used to make ATP • Fructose- found in fruits • Galactose- found in milk • Ribose: RNA sugar

  13. Glucose • Plant and animal tissue • Principle sugar (Breaks down into ATP) • Main energy source

  14. Fructose • “Fruit sugar” • Honey and fruit juices • Found in sucrose • Sweet tasting • “high fructose corn syrup” • Chemically enhanced • HFCS 42

  15. Notice that glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same molecular formula, C6H12O6, but different structural formulas. Compounds like these sugars, with a single chemical formula But different forms are called ISOMERS. Galactose • 1/3 as sweet as sucrose • Forms nerve tissue • Found in Milk, yeast, Liver, seaweed • Converted to glucose

  16. Disaccharides: are two monosaccharides combined in a condensation (dehydration synthesis) reaction. Sucrose, lactose and maltoseare examples of disaccharides. • Sucrose made from glucose and fructose • Lactose made from galactose and glucose • Maltose made from glucose and glucose

  17. Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides joined together. • Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide composed of one glucose and one fructose molecule.

  18. Building sugars: DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (OR CONDENSATION) REACTION: monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage

  19. The most important thing to understand about dehydration synthesis is why it is named what it is (i.e., dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction). • These are reactions in which a water molecule is removed from two reactants. • After the removal of the water, what is left of the two reactants are bonded together, synthesis: Dehydration synthesis (or condensation)= removal of water to achieve synthesis.

  20. Building sugars Synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | fructose | sucrose (table sugar) Let’s go to the videotape!

  21. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides bond together.

  22. How do plants store excess sugars? • Plants store excess glucose in the form of starch, a polysaccharide composed of long chains of glucose. • Starches can be found in potatoes, rice, wheat, corn, bananas, peas, beans, lentils, and other tubers, seeds and fruits of plants.

  23. How do animals store excess sugar? • Animals (and humans) store excess glucose in the form of glycogen in the liver and muscles. • Between meals the liver breaks down glycogen to glucose and releases it into the blood stream to supply glucose to cells in need.

  24. Cellulose Most abundant organic compound on Earth herbivores can digest cellulose most carnivores cannot digest cellulose that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = roughage BIG DEAL!Who can liveon this stuff?!

  25. The function of Chitin & Cellulose… • Other important polysaccharides are cellulose and chitin. • Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plants. • Chitin provides structure to fungi and the exoskeleton of arthropods.

  26. BREAK DOWN POLYSACCHARIDES AND DISACCARIDES WITH THE ADDITION OF WATERCALLED HYDROLYSIS:

  27. hydrolysis

  28. Food Groups • Carbohydrates are mostly part of the Bread, Cereal, Rice and Pasta Group • Though they can be found in any food group. • You should about 6-11 servings of the food group a day.

  29. Credits • http://chemistry2.csudh.edu/rpendarvis/monosacch.html • http://www.answers.com/topic/glucose

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