Feeding the Beef Cow Production 饲养肉用母牛

1. Feeding the Beef Cow Production 饲养肉用母牛 Tennis Marx, MSc.泰妮丝.马克思 Beef Production Systems Specialist, Edmonton, Alberta Canada 加拿大阿尔伯塔省埃德蒙顿 肉牛生产体系专家

2. ENERGY能量 • Usually the most limiting nutrient in a ration • Fuel required for body functions (movement, heat, production, weight gain, etc.) • Ruminants obtain energy from the fiber, carbohydrate and fat portions of a diet • 通常是日料中最有限的营养 • 是身体功能的燃料（运动、热量、生产、增重，等） • 反刍动物通过日料中的纤维、碳水化合物、脂肪获得能量。

3. SIGNS OF ENERGY DEFICIENCY能量缺乏的征兆 • Reduction or cessation of growth and loss of weight • Reduced milk production, failure to conceive • Lower resistance to disease • Increased mortality • 生长减缓或停止，体重下降 • 牛奶生产下降，受胎失败 • 抗病力下降 • 死亡率增加

4. Effects of Energy Deficiency on Beef Cows肉用母牛能量缺乏的后果 • An Energy deficiency before calving will: • Slow down the cow’s return to estrus • The cow will be slow to show heat after calving • A Deficiency after calving will lower conception rates • 产犊前缺乏能量： -母牛再发情慢 -产犊后发情越来越慢 • 产犊后能量缺乏，受胎率低

5. Effect of an Energy Deficiency on Reproductive Performance能量缺乏对繁殖性能的影响

6. Effect of an Energy Deficiency on Reproductive Performance能量缺乏对繁殖性能的影响 • Approximately 21 Mcal of DE/day is normally required prior to calving and 27 Mcal of DE/day is required after calving. • The amount of energy after calving is much higher than the amount fed prior to calving. • 产犊前通常需要约21兆卡消化能/天，产犊后需要27兆卡消化能/天 • 产犊后需要的能量高于产犊前

7. Effect of Calving time on Weaned Weight产犊时间对断奶重的影响 • Delayed estrus causes late calving the following year. • Cows that calve late one year will calve late in the following years. • Calves that are born late will weight less at weaning time. • 发情延迟造成下一年产犊时间晚 • 母牛一年产犊时间晚下一年产犊时间也会晚 • 晚出生的犊牛断奶时体重会低

8. INCREASING THE ENERGY CONTENT OF DIETS增加日料中能量含量 • Feed early cut grass hay or legumes instead of mature grass hay • Restrict amount of straw consumed • Grains are a concentrated source of energy • Feed corn or cereal grain e.g . barley • 用早割的干草或豆科干草代替成熟的干草 • 限制秸秆的消耗量 • 谷粒/粮食是能量的浓缩源 • 喂玉米或谷类，例如：大麦

9. PROTEIN蛋白 • Required for growth • In the rumen protein in the feed is broken down by microbes to ammonia (NH4) and carbon compounds. • Microbes use the NH4 to produce their own body protein. • 需要生长 • 在瘤胃中饲料中的蛋白被微生物分解成氨（NH4）和碳化合物 • 微生物使用NH4生产它们的体蛋白

10. Protein蛋白 • Cattle obtain most of their protein by digesting the microorganisms. • This process of breakdown and re synthesis of protein in the rumen allows the cow to use non protein nitrogen sources such as urea. • 牛通过消化这些细菌获得大多数蛋白 • 这个在瘤胃中分解和综合过程允许牛使用非蛋白氮源，如尿素

11. PROTEIN DEFICIENCY蛋白缺乏 • Primary symptom of protein deficiency is a depressed appetite or feed intake. • A reduced feed intake can cause a lower energy intake Reduced milk production • Irregular or delayed estrus • Loss of weight • Slow growth • 蛋白缺乏的最初症状是食欲下降或饲料采食下降 -饲料采食下降会造成能量采食不足 牛奶生产下降 • 不正常或延迟发情 • 体重下降 • 生长慢

12. PROTEIN DEFICIENCY蛋白缺乏 • The levels of protein in roughages decreases as the forage becomes more mature. • Green leafy roughages contain more protein than mature (brown) roughages. • Legumes contain higher levels of protein than grasses • Protein levels of grains vary with level of nitrogen in soil, growing zone, and weather • 饲草越成熟在粗饲中的蛋白含量就越低 • 绿叶多的粗饲中蛋白含量高于成熟（褐色）粗饲 • 豆科牧草蛋白含量高于禾本科 • 由于土壤中含氮量、生长带和气候不同粮食中蛋白含量也不同

13. PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION蛋白补充 • Feed early cut forages • Legume versus grass hay • Soybean, cotton seed meal, canola meal • Brewers mash or distillers grains • 32% beef supplements • Urea (NPN), liquid or block protein, supplements or ammoniated feeds • 喂早割的饲草 • 豆科对禾本科 • 黄豆、棉籽饼粉、堪诺拉饼粉 • 啤酒糟或白酒糟 • 32%肉牛补饲 • 尿素（NPN），液体或块蛋白，补饲或氨化饲料

14. MAJOR MINERALS常量矿物质 • Calcium (Ca) • Phosphorous (P) • Magnesium (Mg) • Sodium (Na) • Chlorine (Cl) • Potassium (K) • Sulfur (S) • 钙（CA） • 磷（P） • 镁（MG） • 钠（NA） • 氯（CL） • 钾（K） • 硫（S）

15. TRACE MINERALS微量矿物质 • Copper, zinc, iron, molybdenum铜、锌、铁、钼 • Manganese, cobalt, iodine锰、钴、碘 • Selenium, chromium硒、铬 • Tin, nickel and fluorine锡、镍、氟

16. BUILDING A RATION建立日料 • Ration must provide balanced amounts of energy, protein, calcium and phosphorous • Provide required amounts of salt, trace minerals, and vitamin A, D, & E • Performance will only be as good as the most limiting nutrient allows • DM vs as-fed or wet basis • 日料必须使能量、蛋白、钙和磷平衡 • 提供需要量的盐、微量矿物质和维生素A、D和E • 性能要尽量达到最好 • 干物质对喂食状态或湿喂

17. STEPS步骤 • Know the weight and frame size of animal 掌握动物的重量和身架 • Evaluate your feeds and determine their nutritional value per pound of feed 评估你的饲料并确定每磅饲料的营养值 • Approx the total amounts of each feed that you want included in the ration 使日料中的每种饲料达到各自的最佳数量

18. FACTORS AFFECTING FEED INTAKE影响饲料采食的因素 • Stage of maturity • Condition • Species • Physical form • Voluntary intake (90% dry matter) equivalent to 2 - 3 % of body weight • 成熟期 • 体况 • 品种 • 身体构成 • 自由采食（90%干物质）当量 体重的2-3%

19. DRY MATTER INTAKE OF VARIOUS FEEDS不同饲料的干物质采食 • DM intake (% of B.W.) • Lush, young legume, grass pasture 2.75 - 3.5% • Grass and grass/legume silage good quality 2.0 - 2.5% • Good quality legume hay 2.5 - 3.0% • 干物质采食（体重的%） • 茂盛、鲜嫩豆科、禾本科草场 2.75-3.5% • 禾本科和禾本科/豆科青贮好质量 2.0-2.5% • 好质量豆科干草 2.5-3.0%

20. DRY MATTER INTAKE OF VARIOUS FEEDS不同饲料的干物质采食 • Re-growth pasture 1.5 - 2.0% 再生草场1.5-2.5% • Mature grass hay 1.0 - 1.5% 成熟禾本科干草1.0-1.5% • Cereal and grass straw .5 - 1.5% 粮食和草秸杆0.5-1.5%

21. Cold Weather Feeding of Cows冷气候情况下饲养母牛 • Sudden drops in temperature during winter will cause cows & feedlot cattle to consume more feed. • If cattle are fed poor quality feeds (straw), they will try to consume more than they can digest and may become impacted. • Processing poor quality feed through a hammer mill will only increase feed intake, increasing potential for impaction. • Will not increase energy intake of diet. • 冬季突然降温母牛对饲料需求量增加 • 如果母牛吃的是质量不好的饲料（秸秆）它们就尽量多吃，以至于超出其消化能力，造成梗塞 • 用锤式粉碎机加工质量不好的饲料只能增加饲料采食，增加梗塞的危险 -不能增加日料能量采食

22. Cold Weather Feeding of CowSample Diet – 450 kg Beef Cow mid-Pregnancy冷气候情况下饲养母牛样品日料—450公斤中期妊娠的肉用母牛 • During periods of cold temperatures, increase the energy content of the diet. 在冷温度时期增加日料的能量含量 • By feeding additional grain at a rate of 0.5 kg of grain for every –5° C that the temperature is below –20° C at mid-day. • 在中午温度-20%时每下降-5º C就要增加0.5公斤的粮食

23. Sample Diet – 450 kg Beef Cow After Calving简单日料—450公斤产犊后的肉用母牛 • Cereal (corn) straw 7.5 Kg / day • Alfalfa Hay 1.5 kg / day • Corn Grain 3.0 kg / day • Distillers Mash 2.0 kg / day • CaHP04 0.018 kg/day • Fort Trace Mineral Salt 0.02 kg / day • Vitamin ADE 0.003 kg / day • Total amount fed 15.54 kg/day/cow • 粮食（玉米）秸秆 7.5公斤/天 • 苜蓿干草 1.5公斤/天 • 玉米 3.0公斤/天 • 白酒糟 2.0公斤/天 • CaHPO4 0.018公斤/天 • 福特微量矿物质盐 0.02公斤/天 • 维生素 ADE 0.003公斤/天 • 饲料总量 15.54公斤/天/母牛

24. Conclusions结论 • These rations were formulated using average book feed values. • It is advised to feed test each of the feeds used prior to the start of your winter feeding program. • Monitor the condition of the cattle during the winter. • Adjust diets to cows condition & appetite , changes in weather and differences in feed sources. • 这些日料都是用平均饲料值配制的 • 建议你在冬季饲养计划开始前测试你所有的饲料 • 冬季监测牛的膘情 • 根据牛的膘情、食欲、气候变化和饲料源调整日料

25. Conclusion结论 • If you want consistent high conception rates, shorter calving periods and high milk production,you must provide the necessary nutrients in adequate quantities! • 如果你想始终获得高受胎率、短产犊期和高产奶量，你必须提供充足数量的必要营养！