Fire Protection Facilities, Emergency Response Plan Hydrocarbon Fire Fighting Techniques

1. Workshop on ‘Transportation of OIL & GAS through Pipelines’ PRESENTATION ON Fire Protection Facilities, Emergency Response Plan Hydrocarbon Fire Fighting Techniques Hazards and accident potentials M.R.DWIBEDY SPJM(HSE),IOCL PL, NOIDA

2. Hazards and accident potentials What is Hazard Why to know about hazard Kind of hazard Special Risks Association with pipeline transportation Managementcontrol of hazards Fire Protection Facilities Basics of fire Fire extinction principle Types of fire protection facilities FLOW OF PRESENTATION

3. What is Hazard • Untoward incidents hidden behind the curtain of reality are called hazard. • Unexpected events having damage potential for man or machine or property. • Hazard is the potential to cause harm. • A hazard is a situation in the workplace that has the potential to harm the health and safety of people or to damage plant and equipment.

4. Why to Know about the hazard • If not handled properly they will result in accident/ disaster etc. • To eliminate accidents. • To minimise occurrence of accidents. • To control the loss and damage that an accident may cause. • To provide various protection measures to safe guard man and machine.

5. Kind of Hazards • Material • Alkali, Acid • Toxic Materials • Explosive materials • Conditions • Hanging loads • Slippery surfaces • Rotating machines

6. Kind of Hazards • Energy • Heat due to Steam, Flame, Fire • Electricity • Noise • UV radiation, cosmic rays, atomic radiation • Activities • Vehicle races • Overhead construction • Swimming in sea and high current rivers • Sky diving

7. Kind of Hazards • NATURAL • Lightning, • Earth quake • Flood • Cyclone • HUMAN ELEMENT • Presence of enemy • Lack of knowledge • Wrong attitude • Negligence • Adamant, egoistic , saboteurs

8. Highly Inflammable hazardous material is handled. High Pressure encountered in the process. Ignition from outside on Leakage from System. Loss of Containment/Accidental Releases. Inapproachability to the leakage site to control the fire/Accident. Restoration takes considerable time. Pollution of environment Payment of huge compensation Special Risks Association withpipeline Transportation

9. Management Control of Hazard Eliminating Unsafe Condition Eliminating Unsafe Actions Discovering Causes • Safe guarding all machines, equipments, work space etc. • Rectifying or preventing defective conditions. • Suitable & safe design & construction • Safe arrangements, processes, methods of work etc. • Suitable illumination • Ventilation • PPEs • Job safety Analysis • Investigation of accidents • Inspection of Plant & equipments • Recording & tabulation of data • Analysis of data • Personal Adjustment • Safety Education and training • Supervision • Self discipline

10. An exothermic reaction resulting from combination of heat fuel and oxygen. Fire involves rapid oxidation at high temperatures accompanied by the evolution of highly heated gaseous products of combustion and emission of visible and invisible radiation. Initiation of fire requires combustible materials, oxygen and an energy source (heat) to provide ignition. Three components - fuel , oxygen & heat are referred as the fire triangle What is Fire

11. Class-A - Fires involving ordinary combustible materials like wood,paper,textiles,rubber etc. Class-B -Fires involving flammable liquids or liquefiable solids, such as oils, solvents, petroleum products,paints, varnishes etc. Class-C - Fire involving gases or liquefied gases under pressure for eg. LPG, Hydrogen etc. Class-D Fire involving combustible metal such as Magnesium, sodium Zinc, Titanium etc. Classification of Fire

12. Petroleum Products are divided in to following classes Class A - Flash point < 23 deg. C Class B - Flash point > 23 degC &< 65 degC Class C - flash point > 65 degC & < 93 deg.C Unclassified : flash point> 93 deg.c and above Classification of Petroleum Product

13. Important Properties of Petroleum Product • For all flammable liquids, it is the vapour which burns and not the liquid. • Flammable vapour burns only when mixed with proper percentage of oxygen as support of combustion. • Flammable limits of petroleum products roughly lies between slightly greater than 1% and less than 10%. • Petroleum vapour is heavier than air so it has tendency to discend on ground or lower level or sump. • Petroleum is immiscible with water. Its specific gravity is less than 1, so they float on water • Electric conductivity of almost all petroleum products ( except crude oil, ethanol etc.) is very low and hence it generates static electricity during storage and transportation

14. Starvation - Removing or blanketing the fuel Smothering- Cutting off or diluting the oxygen supply Cooling - Removing heat from the fire. Principle of fire Extinction

15. Sand Blanketing Water Steam Chemical foam Carbon dioxide Dry Chemical Powder Aqueous Film Forming Foam ( AFFF) Different Agents to Fire Fire

16. Suitability of Extinguishing media to Different class of Fire Class of Fire Description Extinguishing media A Fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paper, textiles etc. Water B Fires involving flammable liquids like oils, petroleum products, paints varnishes etc. Foam, Dry chemical Powder,Carbon Dioxide. C Fires involving gaseous substances such as LPG, Hydrogen etc. Dry Chemical Powder Carbon Dioxide. D Fires occurring in Combustible metals such as Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Zinc etc. Special Dry Powders such as Ternary Eutectic Chloride

17. Fire Protection Facilities in Petroleum Installation Fire Protection Facilities Fire Detection Fire Fighting

18. Smoke- Ionisation or Optical type Heat – Fixed temperature or rate of rise temperature type Flame – UV or IR or UV/IR or IR3 Heat And Smoke – Multiple criteria Automatic Fire Detection System

19. Detection system can be conventional type, addressable type and analog addressable type. Selection of detection system is carried out based on specific requirement of industry. Conventional - Detectors are in zones with max. 30 devices Addressable - Detectors are in loop with max. 198 devices per loop, each device has an address. Analog addressable - Same as addressable with ability to send actual value of smoke particle/ tepmarature etc. in the chamber of each detector Automatic Fire Detection System

20. Automatic Fire Detection System • Advantages of analog addressable detectors over conventional type of detectors • Each device has an unique address and location can be easily identified • All signals are verified and no chance of false alarm • Exact location is pin pointed rather than area • Single loop comprises of 198 devices connected by 2 core cable. • All devices connected to the fire alarm panel are scanned by the panel all the time. All the devices report their condition to the panel.

21. Automatic Fire Detection System • Modification is simpler. The device only needs to be added to the existingloop with a minimum change in panel software. • History of each device can be seen by means of a printout. • Easier maintenance. Device itself indicates about maintenance. • Lesser cable length. • Lower power consumption. • Compact & elegant design.

22. Automatic Fire Detection System Block Diagram for Automatic Fire Detection and CO2 Release system

23. Automatic Fire Detection System

24. Automatic Fire Detection System

25. Schematic Layout of CO2 system

26. Fire Water Reservoir Pumping units Fire water Network Fire hydrants and foam cum water monitor Water spray system Foam pourer system Automatic rim seal fire protection system Fire Fighting System

27. Open water reservoirs dedicated for storage of fire water requirement of minimum 4 hrs. fire fighting capability. Open top pond with RCC wall all sides. Above ground fire water tanks of adequate nos. to meet the norm of 4 hr. continuous fire fighting. Coned roof or open top above ground tanks Fire Water Reservoir

28. Fire Water Reservoir Above Ground Coned roof tank Open top water reservoir

29. Motor or engine driven pumping units dedicated for supply of fire water to Pumping units may be vertical turbine type or horizontal type. No. of pumps shall be based on design pumping requirement. Standby pumping units for facilitating maintenance without compromising safety of the installation. Fire Fighting Pumping units

30. Fire Fighting Pumping units Horizontal Motor Driven pump( Jockey) Engine driven pump (horizontal) Vertical Turbine type pump( Motor driven)

31. MOC of network may be carbon steel or composite material or its equivalent if used for fresh water. Incase of saline, brakish water, steel pipes, internally cement, mortar lines or glass reinforced epoxy, coated or pipes made of material suitable for the quality of water shall be used. Shall be laid above ground and under ground only in case of crossings/other unavoidable circumstances. The fire water network shall be laid in closed loops as far as possible to ensure multi-directional flow in the system. The hydraulic analysis of network shall be done at the design time. Fire Water Network

32. Fire Water Network-Typical schematic

33. Fire hydrants and foam cum water monitors to be provided on the fire water network. Inter distance shall not be more than 30 m. Monitors shall be provided with individual isolation valve. Distance of hydrants from tanks or equipment under protection shall not be less than 15 m. Monitors shall be provided with individual isolation valve. Fire Hydrants and Monitors Double headed fire hydrant landing valves Foam-cum-water monitor

34. Water spray system is provided for cooling of tank shell, piping exposed to fire. System is provided for cooling of the structure on fire and exposure protection of adjacent property. System consists of fixed piping with pipe fittings, isolation valves, NRV and water spray nozzles. In case of tank and piping, water spray is directly impinged on to the surface of tank or piping for cooling. Water Spray System

35. Water Spray System-Schematic

36. Water Curtain system in Building

37. Semi-fixed foam Pourer system Comprises of fixed pipings and pipe fittings, drain valves, foam coupling, foam makers, foam pourer and deflector plate on tank. Mobile Foam tender is required for actuating the system. Fixed foam pourer system( Manual/Automatic) Manual system comprises of fixed foam concentrate storage shed, foam supply pumps, proportioning system, pipings and pipe fittings, isolation valves, drain valves, foam coupling, foam makers, foam pourer and deflector plate on tank. Automactic system requires motor operates valves at different points and PLC for its actuation based on feed back from automatic fire detection and alarm system. Foam Pourer System

38. Foam Pourer SystemSchematic

39. Foam Pourer System-Schematic

40. Foam pourer system for tanks Semi-fixed foam Pourer system Fixed foam pourer system( Manual/Automatic) Foam pourer system for Engine driven mainline pumping unit shed.( Automatic/Manual) Foam Pourer System-Components/working

41. Foam Pourer System-Photographs

42. Foam Flooding system for Mainline engine shed MAJOR COMPONENTS Detection system • Intrinsically safe Heat Detectors (HDs) • Intrinsically safe Ultra Violet / Infra Red flame detectors (UV/IR) • Addressable Manual Call Point (MCP) Extinguishing system • Y-type strainer, Solenoid valve • Deluge valve, Bladder type foam tank (capacity 2000 litres) • Foam proportioning unit, Piping network for protected area • Foam cum water spray nozzles

43. Foam Pourer System View of engine shed showing foam solution piping and discharge nozzles Deluge valve and bladder tank skid

44. Foam Flooding system in Mainline Pump shed MLPS Foam sprinklers Hydrant line Foam bladder tank Strainer Proportioner 6 ”, 5000 LPM Deluge Valve 6 “, 14000 lpm

45. Typical Arrangement of Rim seal Units over tank Roof

46. GA Of Foam Module Assembly

47. Discharge Nozzles

48. Rim Seal Fire Protection System

49. Rim Seal Protection System

50. Hydrocarbon Fire Fighting Techniques • Reduction of fire load from the fire site by transferring the combustible material, if possible. • Containment of fire and fire fighting. • Reducing domino effect of fire by providing suitable exposure protection measures. • Salvaging usables after fire fighting.