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Leisure Definitions

Leisure Definitions. Open pg 29 study guide Sag 5647. Today…. Recap yesterday Theoretical perspectives of leisure Play Psychological theories Sociological theories Social-psychological theories. Recap. Greeks were the thinkers Romans were the spectators Chinese were the artists

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Leisure Definitions

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  1. Leisure Definitions Open pg 29 study guide Sag 5647

  2. Today… • Recap yesterday • Theoretical perspectives of leisure • Play • Psychological theories • Sociological theories • Social-psychological theories

  3. Recap • Greeks were the thinkers • Romans were the spectators • Chinese were the artists • Leisure – state of mind, free time, activity • Leisure activity • Play, games, sport, recreation • 12 characteristics of leisure • Risk, commitment, game, humor, relaxation

  4. A Few Questions… • Which ancient society was responsible for the growth of music, art & literature & value harmony & life balance? • A. Greeks • B. Roman • C. China • D. German

  5. A Few Questions… • Which ancient society was responsible for the growth of music, art & literature & value harmony & life balance? • A. Greeks • B. Roman • C. China • D. German

  6. A Few Questions… • Which ancient society was responsible for the growth of facilities used for entertainment & leisure as a spectacle? • A. Greeks • B. Roman • C. China • D. German

  7. A Few Questions… • Which ancient society was responsible for the growth facilities used for entertainment & leisure as a spectacle? • A. Greeks • B. Roman • C. China • D. German

  8. A Few Questions… • When leisure is defined by the meaning it holds for us, this is what definition of leisure? We view something as leisure because we enjoy it • A. Free time • B. State of Mind • C. Activity • D. Game

  9. A Few Questions… • When leisure is defined by the meaning it holds for us, this is what definition of leisure? We view something as leisure because we enjoy it • A. Free time • B. State of Mind • C. Activity • D. Game

  10. A Few Questions… • Which of the following are rule bound, and there is a mixed level of skill and chance skills needed for an outcome? • A. Sport • B. Play • C. Recreation • D. Games

  11. A Few Questions… • Which of the following are rule bound, and there is a mixed level of skill and chance skills needed for an outcome? • A. Sport • B. Play • C. Recreation • D. Games

  12. Play Theories

  13. Perspectives of Play Theories • Arm Chair Theories • Research based theories • Developmental & learning theories

  14. Play Theories • Arm Chair Theories • Based on observations. No research support. • Do not define all play • Early 20th Century • Surplus energy • Preparation • Relaxation

  15. Play Theories • Surplus Energy • One of the oldest play theories • One of the most utilized • When the organism has more energy than can be stored, it is released in play. Play is the release of surplus physical energy.

  16. Play Theories • Preparation • Trying out behaviors that will be useful in a future phase of life. Practice for adult life.

  17. Play Theories • Relaxation • Play as an activity that allows the individual to recuperate from fatigue and stress. When tired from work, people play. • Play restores energy • Opposite of surplus energy.

  18. Play Theories • Research based theories • First play theories to utilize research • Still flawed, but laid the groundwork for more contemporary studies. • Catharsis • Behavioristic • Psychoanalytic

  19. Play Theories • Catharsis • Similar to surplus energy except that it focuses on pent-up emotional energy rather than surplus physical energy. • Play is a safety valve for the expression of emotions • Play is a socially acceptable way for someone to purge themselves of negative feelings or hostilities

  20. Play Theories • Behavioristic • Play is simply a form of learning. • Is connected to stimulus response mechanisms of human behavior. • Play is pleasurable in that it is reinforced by praise and recognition, therefore is repeated and learned.

  21. Play Theories • Psychoanalytic • Viewed many forms of play as symptoms of psychological illness. • Play repeats an unpleasant experience to reduce its seriousness or to stimulate control over its consequences. • The mastering of disturbing events thru play • Basis for using play as therapy

  22. Play Theories • Developmental & learning theories • Self-expression theory • Play as a social necessity • Competence effectance Theory

  23. Play Theories • Self-expression theory • Need to express personalities • Find outlets for energy • Play influenced by environment, family, social background • Competence effectance Theory • Need to test the environment & solve problems • Gain a sense of competency (mastery) & accomplishment • Experimentation or information seeking

  24. Play Theories • Many contemporary theories out there. • None of them can truly explain play. • Bottom line – play is outside of ordinary life. It provides a place for exploration and enchantment.

  25. Explanations and Speculations Situational Factors Leisure Theory

  26. Situational Factors in Explaining Leisure Behavior • Demographics • Gender • Age • Income • Education • Race/ethnicity • Religion • Geography Impacts what, why & how we pursue leisure. How?

  27. Situational Factors in Explaining Leisure Behavior • Gender • Physical activity • Sport participation • Family centered leisure • Gender expectations • Age • Maturation • Activity choices • Income & Education • $$$ • Exposure to different activities • Choices

  28. Situational Factors in Explaining Leisure Behavior • Race & ethnicity • Religion • Parameters within & set by church • LDS Family night • Geography

  29. Leisure Theory Do Leisure Experiences Questionnaire

  30. Leisure Theory • Systematic observations that relate to a particular aspect of life • Summarizes existing knowledge • Explain observed events • Predict occurrence of unobserved events

  31. Leisure Theory • Multidisciplinary nature of leisure • Psychology • Sociology • Social psychology • …and more

  32. Psychological Theories • Leisure behavior is attributed to self rather than external forces • Three types of psychology • Behaviorism • Cognitive • Psychodynamic – past experiences, natural instincts • Theorists • Wilensky, Neulinger, Csikszentmihalyi

  33. Psychological Theories Wilensky’s (1960) Compensation Theory- A leisure activity that makes up for the strenuous day at work. Deprivation during work is made up for in an enjoyable leisure activity.

  34. Psychological Theories • Wilensky’s (1960) Spillover Theory • Work will “spill over” into leisure • Workers are thought to participate in leisure activities that have characteristics similar to their job-related activities.

  35. Psychological Theories • Wilensky’s (1960) Spillover Theory • Leisure becomes an extension of the skills and attitudes used at work. • It explains why people who are sedentary at work are often not interested in physical pastimes. • It explains why those who work indoors might be uncomfortable in the forest.

  36. Similarities between Spillover & Compensation • Leisure is explained according to its relationship to work. • Both depend on whether work is satisfying and pleasurable. • Both also depend on amount of satisfaction found in work. • What about unemployed, retired, children?

  37. Psychological Theories • Neulingers’ Paradigm (6 states of mind) • 4 factors • Perceived freedom is the primary quality of the leisure state of mind • Perceived constraint • Intrinsic motivation • Extrinsic motivation

  38. States Of Mind of Leisure

  39. Pure Leisure - 1 • Purest form of leisure • Activities chosen for its own sake • Freedom from external control and brings intrinsic rewards

  40. States Of Mind of Leisure

  41. Leisure-Work - 2 • Represents a wide range of leisure experiences • The experiences are freely chosen but are both extrinsically and intrinsically rewarding. • Distinction of this state of mind is a person can quit when they want to quit • Not a job

  42. States Of Mind of Leisure

  43. Leisure-Job - 3 • Type of Leisure without coercion...you choose it • Satisfaction comes from external payoff • Working out to look better • Playing cards to earn money • Resembles a job because of reward • Not necessarily a monetary reward

  44. States Of Mind of Leisure

  45. Pure Work - 4 • Non-leisure state of mind • Perceived constraint & not freedom • Pure work but engrossing • Given a choice, you would not do the work, but you still find it engrossing • University projects • Volunteer project

  46. States Of Mind of Leisure

  47. Work-Job - 5 • Constraint activities - intrinsic and extrinsic rewards • Awareness of constraints is present • 100% NONLESIURE • Work that you like but it is still work

  48. States Of Mind of Leisure

  49. Pure Job - 6 • Opposite of Leisure • Activity engaged in constraint • No reward in this • This is the job you take to, “Make a living”, no other redeeming qualities

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