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Mrs. Martin Sociology

GENDER. INEQUALITY. Mrs. Martin Sociology. GENDER STRATIFICATION. THE UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, POWER, AND PRIVILEGE BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN. Gender - the behavioral and psychological traits considered appropriate for males and females. What is masculine what is feminine?.

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Mrs. Martin Sociology

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  1. GENDER INEQUALITY Mrs. Martin Sociology

  2. GENDER STRATIFICATION THE UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, POWER, AND PRIVILEGE BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN Gender- the behavioral and psychological traits considered appropriate for males and females. What is masculine what is feminine?

  3. MALE-FEMALE DIFFERENCES • SEX • THE BIOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN FEMALES AND MALES • GENDER • PERSONAL TRAITS AND SOCIAL POSITIONS THAT MEMBERS OF A SOCIETY ATTACH TO BEING FEMALE AND MALE • DIFFERENCES • BIOLOGICALLY BASED • SOCIOLOGICALLY BASED

  4. Conflict TheoryHOW PERCEPTIONS OF BEAUTY AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE COMBINE TO FORM A SYSTEM THAT GIVES MEN THE UPPER HAND

  5. 1955: Why Take Home Economics?

  6. Consequences of gender differentiation • Gender, not biology, determines the roles of males and females • Belief in gender roles results in power distribution between the sexes

  7. Roles of Men and Women • Role- socially or culturally defined behavioral expectation that is presumed to apply to all individuals in a category. • Gender Roles-specific behaviors and attitudes associated with and established for men and women. Being masculine or feminine means displaying these roles appropriate for a person’s biological sex.

  8. Division of Labor and Gender Roles DOL-Individuals specialize to perform economic tasks Men and women expected to do different work Men- economic support and safety Women- childcare, domestic * changing in US

  9. Housework: Who does how Much?

  10. A CROSS-CULTURAL LOOK • THE ISRAELI KIBBUTZIM • RAISING CHILDREN IN AN EVIRONMENT IN WHICH SEX MADE NO DIFFERENCE • MARGARET MEAD’S RESEARCH • IS SEX LINKED TO A SPECIFIC, UNIVERSAL SOCIAL DISTINY? • STUDIES FOUND • ARAPESH • MUNDUGUMOR • TCHAMBULI • FAFAFUNGIE OF TONGA • NIUE NEW ZEALAND • FULNAI NORTH AFRICA

  11. THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS AND GENDER WHAT IS FEMININE AND MASCULINE? HOW DO WE ACQUIRE SUCH DISTINCTIONS? GENDER SOCIALIZATION FIRST OCCURS IN THE FAMILY, AND IS REINFORCED BY SCHOOL, PEERS, AND MEDIA

  12. THE FAMILY • SELECTIVE ABORTION • SOCIALIZATION BEGINS AT BIRTH-IS IT A BOY OR GIRL? • COLOR-CODING GENDER • HANDLING OF CHILDREN • BE A GOOD “LITTLE MAN” “ACT LADY LIKE” • NURSERY RHYMES • IT’S OK TO BE A TOM-BOY • WHY WOULDN’T A GIRL WANT TO BE A BOY? • BUT, WHAT IF A BOY ACTS TOO MUCH LIKE A GIRL?

  13. SCHOOL AND GENDER • HIGH SCHOOL • GIRLS • SECRETARIAL, VOCATIONAL, ENGLISH, THE ARTS, AND HOME ECONOMICS • BOYS • MATH, SCIENCE, WOODWORKING AND AUTOMECHANICS ATTRACT BOYS • COLLEGE • MEN • MATHEMATICS AND HARD SCIENCES • WOMEN • THE HUMANITIES, FINE ARTS, AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

  14. PEER GROUPS USE NORMATIVE CONCEPTIONS OF GENDER • PRESSURES TO TAKE PART IN BEHAVIORS THAT ARE NORMATIVE TO AGE AND GENDER • GAMES WITH SERIOUS IMPLICATIONS • BOYS • “VICTORY” TEAM SPORTS • GIRLS • “COOPERATIVE” GAMING

  15. THE MEDIA • WHITE MALES HAVE CENTER STAGE • MINORITIES OF ALL KINDS LOCKED OUT • WOMEN RECEIVE ROLES BASED ON SEX APPEAL • THE “BEAUTY MYTH” • EATING DISORDERS • EMOTIONAL STRESS • IDEAL IMAGING

  16. Model 'fired by Ralph Lauren for being too fat' • A former Ralph Lauren model Filippa Hamilton, whose image in a roundly criticized advertisement was digitally slenderized said …that the apparel maker did not renew her contract because she was “too large.”

  17. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBF6tURm99I DOVE BEAUTY MYTH

  18. Gender Stereotyping in advertisements

  19. http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/01/09/crossing-gender-lines-boys-doing-double-dutch/-video double dutch

  20. “THE RULE OF FATHERS” A FORM OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN WHICH MALES DOMINATE FEMALES • MATRIARCHY • INEVITABILITY OF PATRIARCHY? • IS BIOLOGY DESTINY? SHOULD WOMEN RULE? • MARGARET MEAD’S TACHAMBULI • MOSUO IN SOUTH EAST CHINA

  21. Sexism- belief that by nature one sex is superior to the other • Misogyny- hate women-believe them inferior • Misandry- hate men-believe them inferior • Men historically had the country and economy and have accepted this as the norm Creation of self-fulfilling prophecy 1. Male choices are based on beliefs so beliefs are reinforced 2. Men often do not accept women in powerful positions 3. Women often do not attempt to gain powerful positions Sexism heart of gender discrimination

  22. SOCIOLOGISTS INTERESTED IN THE INEQUALITY OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE D.O.L. ERNESTINE FRIEDL’S THEORY Power is based on who exchanges goods with non-family members. Men are the ones normally in this position HUNTER-GATHERS: men hunted, women gathered food used for family while hunted food was shared Inuet (Eskimo) Washo Indians 3. Hadza Tanzania INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES often the same Financial independence tied to power Women in the home therefore have less power Women need to move into higher positions with better pay to change this Women have often had lower paying lower status jobs when in the work force Gender Roles and Social Inequality

  23. HISTORY IN THE HOME Women have historically worked in the home in industrial societies CHANGES TODAY People are living longer; most of adult life is no longer spent in child care Jobs are no longer (necessarily) too difficult physically for women CONFLICT THEORISTS claim gender roles are a reflection of male dominance Males control money, power, and law EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT (ERA) 1920- 19th Amendment- First proposed in 1923- ERA STATES “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S or any state on the account of sex.” Has been put forward in each congress since 1923* 2009-2010 July 21, 2009, Representative Maloney introduced the ERA in the House of Representatives as House Joint Resolution 61 Did not pass -ratified by 35 states but the bill needed 38 Indiana was the last to ratify in 1977 People saw it as a threat to family values Politics of Gender

  24. Ratified   Ratified, then rescinded    Ratified in 1 house of legislature   Not ratified

  25. Gender Inequality: Education • Number of women in college has risen from being underrepresented to outnumbering men since 1980 • As of 2006: • Bachelors degrees Men 43% -Women 57% • Masters degrees Men 41%-Women 59% • Ph. D’s- 2001-2006 women earned more Ph.D.’s than men in Humanities, social science, education, and life sciences Women are less likely to pursue professional and doctoral degrees in engineering, science (women earn 24% of science Ph.D.’s) • Major in areas that lead to low paying jobs- humanities or become Nurses instead of Doctors

  26. Gender and College

  27. Women and Degrees Awarded

  28. Work World • Majority 59.5% of women over age 16-work but in low paying, low status jobs 1. 2005- Median female income $31,858 a year 2.2005- Median male income $ 41,386 a year 3. $0.77 on every male dollar • Sometimes women will earn less for the same job • Feminization of Poverty • Feb 2009 New York Times reported Recession “Women are poised to surpass men on the nation’s payrolls, taking the majority for the first time in American history.” • 82% of job losses have been men

  29. Why are men paid more than women? • 1. Different work patterns • 2. Occupational segregation: (1) men and women work different jobs and (2) female-dominated jobs are paid less than male-dominated ones • The “family wage” vs. “pin money” • Womenʼs work is devalued • 3. Pay discrimination (women are paid less for the same jobs) • 4. Promotion gap • Job ladders (gendered internal labor markets) • “Glass ceiling” vs. “glass escalator”

  30. The Economist- Report on Oppertunities for Women World Wide

  31. WOMEN AND… • THE MILITARY • 14-15% OF THE ARMED FORECES ACTIVE AND RESERVE WERE WOMEN IN 2008 • THE COAST GUARD OPENS ALL ASSIGNMENTS TO WOMEN • THE UNTIED STATES MARINE CORPS DENIES ACCESS TO TWO-THIRDS OF ITS MILITARY OCCUPATIONAL FIELDS

  32. Women are 50% of voting population, yet men have the majority of elected positions (2009) • 112th congress 17% Women 1. Senate 17 Serving =17% 2. Representatives 75 serving=17% 3. State Governors 6= 12% Worldwide- only 18.6% of seats in world parliaments THESE NUMBERS ARE GROWING BUT STILL ARE FAR FROM EQUAL Global Stats for Women in Parliaments POLITICS

  33. IN WHAT WAYS MIGHT AMERICAN TRADITIONS CLOAK WOMEN IN A SHROUD OF LIMITATIONS? • GIVEN THE ECONOMIC REALITIES, WOMEN CERTAINLY QUALIFY • AT ALL LEVELS IN THE CLASS SYSTEM, WOMEN HAVE: • LESS INCOME • LESS WEALTH • LESS POWER THAN MEN • PATRIARCHY PROVIDES WOMEN WITH SOCIAL STANDING, FIRST THEIR, AND THEN THEIR HUSBANDS ADDRESSING A LETTER

  34. Iran Illegal for women to have a tan?

  35. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN • IN THE HOME • SOME WOMEN BELIEVE THAT A “RAPE CULTURE” EXISTS IN AMERICA • IN PUBLIC • SEXUAL ‘WHISTLING” AND OTHER FORMS OF HARASSMENT AWAIT WOMEN ON STREETS • THE WORKPLACE • SEXUAL HARASSMENT REMAINS PROBLEMATIC FOR WOMEN • PORNOGRAPHY • POWER ISSUE WHICH MAY TELL MEN IT’S OK TO OBJECTIFY WOMEN • INTERNATIONAL ISSUES • FEMALE INFANTICIDE • HONOR KILLINGS • FEMALE GENITAL MUTALATION • CHILD BRIDES

  36. FROM A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE • STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM • MEN, WOMEN, AND THE FUNCTIONALITY OF CLEAR-CUT GENDER ROLES • SOCIAL CONFLICT • WOMEN, CLASS POSITION, AND CAPITALISM • SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM • GENDER AND LANGUAGE USEAGE

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