Bonding and Molecular Structure: Fundamental Concepts Valence e- and Bonding Covalent Ionic

1. AP Notes Chapter 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure: Fundamental Concepts Valence e- and Bonding Covalent Ionic Resonance & Exceptions to Octet Rule Bond Energy & Length Structure, Shape & Polarity of Compounds

2. What is a Bond? • A force that holds atoms together. • Why? • We will look at it in terms of energy. • Bond energy the energy required to break a bond. • Why are compounds formed? • Because it gives the system the lowest energy.

3. Covalent compounds? • The electrons in each atom are attracted to the nucleus of the other. • The electrons repel each other, • The nuclei repel each other. • The reach a distance with the lowest possible energy. • The distance between is the bond length.

4. Thus Hydrogen is Diatomic! Bond Formation

5. e- Covalent Character

6. He2 . . E He + He . . Inter-nuclear Distance Why Isn’t Helium Diatomic?

7. F + F F2 2p____ ____ ___ ___ ____ ____ 2p2s ____ ____ 2s F F

8. Ionic Bonding • An atom with a low ionization energy reacts with an atom with high electron affinity. • The electron moves. • Opposite charges hold the atoms together.

9. Li + Cl1s22s1 [Ne] 3s23p52s ___ 3p _____ _____ ___1s _____ 3s _____[Ne]

10. Li + Cl 2s ___ 3P _____ _____ _____1s _____ 3s _____[Ne]

11. LiCl2s ___3P _____ _____ _____1s _____ 3s _____ [Ne]

12. Electronegativity Describes the relative ability of an atom within a molecule to attract a shared pair of electrons to itself.

13. Electronegativity Pauling electronegativity values, which are unit-less, are the norm.

14. ElectronegativityRange from 0.7 to 4.0 Figure 9.9 – Kotz & Treichel

15. Bond: A - B DEN = | ENA - ENB |

16. Bond Character “Ionic Bond” - Principally Ionic Character “Covalent Bond” - Principally Covalent Character

17. covalent ionic EN ~0 1.7 ~4 Determining Principal Character of Bond

18. F - F EN = 0 Non-polar

19. N - O EN = |3.0 - 3.5| = 0.5 O N Slightly polar

21. Ca - O  EN = |1.0 - 3.5| = 2.5 Ca O Ionic Bond with somecovalent character

23. Electronegativity • The ability of an electron to attract shared electrons to itself. • Pauling method • Imaginary molecule HX • Expected H-X energy = H-H energy + X-X energy 2 • D = (H-X) actual - (H-X)expected

24. Electronegativity • D is known for almost every element • Gives us relative electronegativities of all elements. • Tends to increase left to right. • decreases as you go down a group. • Noble gases aren’t discussed. • Difference in electronegativity between atoms tells us how polar.

25. Polar Covalent Ionic Electronegativity difference Bond Type Zero Covalent Covalent Character decreases Ionic Character increases Intermediate Large

26. Dipole Moments • A molecule with a center of negative charge and a center of positive charge is dipolar (two poles), • or has a dipole moment. • Center of charge doesn’t have to be on an atom. • Will line up in the presence of an electric field.

27. d+ d- H - F How It is drawn

28. Which Molecules Have Them? • Any two atom molecule with a polar bond. • With three or more atoms there are two considerations. • There must be a polar bond. • Geometry can’t cancel it out.

31. Ionic Radii -- Cations

32. Ionic Radii -- Anions

34. Molecular Polarity Vector Sum of Bond Polarities

35. MgBr2 Mg - Br EN = |1.2 - 2.8| = 1.6 Mg Br Br Covalent BOND w/much ionic character, BUT NON-POLAR molecule

39. Lewis Structures

40. The most important requirement for the formation of a stable compound is that the atoms achieve noble gas e- configuration

41. Valence Shell ElectronPair Repulsion Model(VSEPR) The structure around a given atom is determined principally by minimizing electron-pair repulsions

42. Electron pairs Bond Angles Underlying Shape 2 180° Linear 3 120° Trigonal Planar 4 109.5° Tetrahedral 90° & 120° Trigonal Bipyramidal 5 6 90° Octagonal VSEPR

43. LEWIS STRUCTURES • : draw skeleton of species • : count e- in species • : subtract 2 e- for each bond in skeleton • : distribute remaining e-

44. Distinguish Between ELECTRONIC Geometry & MOLECULAR Geometry

45. CH4 Bond angle = 109.50 Electronic geometry: tetrahedral Molecular geometry: tetrahedral

46. H3O+ Bond angle ~ 1070 Electronic geometry: tetrahedral Molecular geometry: trigonal pyramidal

47. H2O Bond angle ~ 104.50 Electronic geometry: tetrahedral Molecular geometry: bent

48. NH2- Bond angle ~ 104.50 Electronic geometry: tetrahedral Molecular geometry: bent

50. “Octet Rule” holds for connecting atoms, but may not for the central atom.