Objective:

1. Objective: Outline the history of environmentalism. Warm Up: How could you improve your global footprint?

2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE • Four Distinct Stages • Pragmatic Resource Conservation • Moral and Aesthetic Nature Preservation • Health and Ecological Damage Concerns • Global Environmental Citizenship

3. Pragmatic Resource Conservation • George Perkins Marsh - Man and Nature • Influenced Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot. • Pragmatic Utilitarian Conservation • “Greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time” • Multiple Use Policies of USFS.

4. Man & Nature, by geographer George Perkins in 1864 opened the door in America to environmental protection. He had observed damage caused by excessive grazing & deforestation in Turkey & Italy & warned of the wanton destruction occurring on the American frontier. As a result of his book, national forest reserves were established in the United States in 1873 to protect dwindling timber supplies & endangered watersheds.

5. Moral and Aesthetic Nature Preservation • John Muir - President Sierra Club • Nature deserves to exist for its own sake - regardless of degree of usefulness to humans. (Biocentric Preservation)

6. Modern Environmentalism • Industrial explosion of WW II added new concerns to the environmental agenda. • Rachel Carson - Silent Spring (1962) • Environmental Agenda expanded in 1960’s and 70’s to include: • Atomic Weapons Testing • Fossil Fuel Issues • Air and Water Pollution • Wilderness Protection

7. The disclosures in Silent Spring helped set the stage for the environmental movement of the late 20th century. The book's publication caused a firestorm of controversy. The movement she began is called environmentalism because its concerns include both environmental resources & pollution.

8. In 1892 Muir wrote “Let us do something to make the mountains glad”. He accomplished this by founding the Sierra Club. Throughout his life he was concerned with the protection of nature both for the spiritual advancement of humans and “for nature itself”. “When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything in the universe”.

9. Global Concerns • Increased technology has greatly expanded international communications. • Daily events now reported worldwide instead of locally or regionally. • Global Environmentalism

10. Santa Barbara's 1969 Oil Spill http://www.silcom.com/~sbwcn/spill.shtml On the afternoon of January 29, 1969, an environmental nightmare began in Santa Barbara, California. A Union Oil Co. platform stationed six miles off the coast of Summerland suffered a blowout. Oil workers had drilled a well down 3500 feet below the ocean floor. Riggers began to retrieve the pipe in order to replace a drill bit when the "mud" used to maintain pressure became dangerously low. A natural gas blowout occurred. An initial attempt to cap the hole was successful but led to a tremendous buildup of pressure. The expanding mass created five breaks in an east-west fault on the ocean floor, releasing oil and gas from deep beneath the earth. For eleven days, oil workers struggled to cap the rupture. During that time, 200,000 gallons of crude oil bubbled to the surface and was spread into a 800 square mile slick by winds and swells. Incoming tides brought the thick tar to beaches from Rincon Point to Goleta, marring 35 miles of coastline. Beaches with off-shore kelp forests were spared the worst as kelp fronds kept most of the tar from coming ashore. The slick also moved south, tarring Anacapa Island's Frenchy's Cove and beaches on Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Miguel Islands.

11. Ecological Impact Animals that depended on the sea were hard hit. Incoming tides brought the corpses of dead seals and dolphins. Oil had clogged the blowholes of the dolphins, causing massive lung hemorrhages. Animals that ingested the oil were poisoned. In the months that followed, gray whales migrating to their calving and breeding grounds in Baja California avoided the channel —their main route south. The oil took its toll on the seabird population. Shorebirds like plovers, godwits and willets which feed on sand creatures fled the area. But diving birds which must get their nourishment from the waters themselves became soaked with tar.

12. Aftermath In the spring following the oil spill, Earth Day was born nationwide. Many consider the publicity surrounding the oil spill a major impetus to the environmental movement. Fred L. Hartley, president of Union Oil Co.:"I don't like to call it a disaster," because there has been no loss of human life."I am amazed at the publicity for the loss of a few birds." Santa Barbara NewsPress Editor Thomas Storke:"Never in my long lifetime have I ever seen such an aroused populace at the grassroots level. This oil pollution has done something I have never seen before in Santa Barbara – it has united citizens of all political persuasions in a truly nonpartisan cause."

13. Cuyahoga river fire 1969 • 1970 NEPA • April 22nd Earth Day. • 1970 July 9th EPA established • 1970 Dec. 1 Clean Air Act. • Clean Water Act • Endangered Species Act. • 1978 Love Canal disaster gives way to Environmental Justice. • 1987 but amended in 1990 & 1992. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer. * First GLOBAL treaty! • 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill • 1991 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge created. • Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro Brazil “ • “The objective of the treaty is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” • 1997 Kyoto Protocol is adopted by U.S. & 121 other Nations but was NOT ratified by Congress.

14. 20 : 20 Compact • 1995 United Nations Summit for Social Development called all nations to ensure basic needs for everyone. • 20:20 Compact • Wealthy countries contribute 20% of aid to humanitarian concerns and social development. • Developing countries contribute 20% of budget to human primary concerns.

15. "Conservation is a pipe-dream as long as Homo sapiens is cast in the role of conqueror, and his land in the role of slave and servant.   Conservation becomes possible when man assumes the role of citizen in a community of which soils and waters, plants and animals are fellow members, each dependent on the others, and each entitled to his place in the sun".                                        -Aldo Leopold He is best known for the Sand County Almanac, a collection of essays about the land and man’s relationship to it. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://apc.tamu.edu/wfsc201/aldohors.jpg&imgrefurl=http://apc.tamu.edu/wfsc201/aldo.htm&h=206&w=318&sz=13&tbnid=LecgjSkzN-0J:&tbnh=73&tbnw=112&start=17&prev=/images%3Fq%3DAldo%2BLeopold%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG