LING 388: Language and Computers

1. LING 388: Language and Computers Sandiway Fong Lecture 28 12/1

2. Administrivia • Review Homework 7

3. Homework 7 Review • Japanese passives • kau(buy) --> kawareru(passive form of kau, present tense) • kawareta(passive form of kau-ed) • Modify j24.pl (j26.pl) to handle the Japanese equivalents of • The book was bought • Input: hon-gakawareta • Output: past(kau(_,hon)) • The book was bought by John • Input: hon-gataroo-nikawareta • Output: past(kau(taroo,hon))

4. Homework 7 Review • Example 1 • The book was bought • Input: hon-gakawareta • Output: past(kau(nonovert,hon)) No modification necessary to…

5. Homework 7 Review • Example 2 • The book was bought by John • Input: hon-gataroo-nikawareta • Output: past(kau(taroo,hon)) again, no modification necessary to…

6. Homework 7 Review • Output

7. g27.pl • Last time, made some changes necessary for generating the by-phrase with the passive for the English grammar replaced the adjunction rule in g25.pl by2by

8. g27.pl • Another change, to prevent translator overgeneration

9. More translation • How about the translation of Japanese passives? How to fix this? i.e. obtain …

10. More translation • Finally, we have…

11. Idioms • idioms • non-composition meaning • i.e. meaning of idiom cannot be inferred from the meaning of the constitutive words • examples • John kicked the bucket • VP “kicked the bucket” • has a literal interpretation • has an idiomatic interpretation “John died” • Pete gave me the cold shoulder • VP “give X the cold shoulder” • has an (unlikely) literal interpretation • has a (more likely) idiomatic interpretation “be unfriendly towards X” • (French) • cassé sa pipe • (literal) break his pipe • (idiomatic) died

12. examples John kicked the bucket VP “kicked the bucket” has a literal interpretation has an idiomatic interpretation “John died” John kicked the buckets VP “kicked the buckets” has only a literal interpretation English grammar modifications: verb: kicked common noun: bucket(s) queries ?-parse(X,[john,kicked,the,bucket]). X = kicked(john,bucket) ?-parse(X,[john,kicked,the,buckets]). X = kicked(john,buckets) Literal meanings only Idioms

13. Idioms • examples • John kicked the bucket • VP “kicked the bucket” • has a literal interpretation • has an idiomatic interpretation “John died” • John kicked the buckets • VP “kicked the buckets” • has only a literal interpretation • idiomatic interpretation • Verb Phrase: kicked the bucket • vp(vp(v(died))) --> [kicked,the,bucket]. • Modify Predicate-Argument structure (intransitive verbs)

14. Idioms • example • John kicked the bucket • VP “kicked the bucket” • has a literal interpretation • has an idiomatic interpretation “John died” • John kicked the buckets • VP “kicked the buckets” • has only a literal interpretation • queries • ?-parse(X,[john,kicked,the,bucket]). • X = died(john) ? ; • X = kicked(john,bucket) ? ; • ?-parse(X,[john,kicked,the,buckets]). • X = kicked(john,buckets) ? ; • no

15. Exercise: English Idiom • example • John kicked the bucket • the VP “kicked the bucket” • has a literal interpretation and an idiomatic interpretation “John died” • vp(vp(v(died))) --> [kicked,the,bucket]. • Complete the translator so that • John kicked the bucket • has both a literal and an idiomatic translation • Taroo-ga buketsu-o ketta • Taroo-ga shinda • buketsu = bucket • shinda = died ketta = kicked • John kicked the buckets • has only a literal translation • Taroo-ga buketsu-o ketta (assuming Japanese does not distinguish number)