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Motivation

Motivation. How do we define it…?. Motivation. Feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal. Theories on Motivation. Instinctive Motivation Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) Automatic behaviors in response to specific stimuli (not learned) Waned in 1940’s.

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Motivation

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  1. Motivation How do we define it…?

  2. Motivation • Feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal.

  3. Theories on Motivation • Instinctive Motivation • Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) • Automatic behaviors in response to specific stimuli (not learned) • Waned in 1940’s

  4. Drive-Reduction Theory (1940’s-1950’s) • Behavior is motivated by biological needs • IOW: Our drive is to reduce our needs. • Need = requirement for survival • Drive = impulse to act in way that satisfies need • Primary Drives: biological needs (thirst, hunger) • Secondary Drives: learned drives (money) • Body seeks Homeostasis: Balanced internal state • Push-Pull factors • Nature (biological push) / nurture (psychological pull) • Create an example of Drive-Reduction theory. • Limitations of theory?

  5. Arousal Theory • Arousal Theory • We seek optimum level of excitement / arousal • High optimum level of arousal = high excitement behaviors • Perform better at high level of arousal • Yerkes-Dodson law (1908): performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point. • Different tasks require different levels of arousal for optimal performance

  6. Incentive Theory • Incentives: stimuli we are drawn to due to learning • “Nurture or pull” driven by desire • Create an example

  7. Abraham MaslowThe Rise of Humanistic Psychology

  8. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  9. Maslow: Summative Questions • Maslow is cited as the founder of “humanistic psychology.” What does this term mean? • What does the article cite as the 3 “forces” of psychology? How did the 3rd change the fundamental approach to the study of psychology? • Who did Maslow pronounce as self-actualized? • What criticisms might be found in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and his self-actualization theory? • How has Maslow’s work ultimately affected the study of psychology? What is its’ legacy in Western culture? • Maslow argued that man’s pursuit of self-actualization is instinctive. Do you agree?

  10. Which theory of motivation? • Infant rooting to find the mother’s nipple. • Getting a glass of water when you are thirsty. • Going for a walk when you are worried or restless. • Working on a difficult jigsaw puzzle. • Studying hard to pass a test. • Crying when hurt or upset. • Developing a lasting, intimate relationship.

  11. Clues to Maslow’s Theory on Motivation • “Not all needs are created equal.” • “The normal personality is characterized by unity, integration, consistency, and coherence. Organization is the natural state, and disorganization is pathological.” • The organism has one sovereign drive, that is self-actualization. People strive continuously to realize their inherent potential by whatever avenues are open to them. • “Man is basically good, not evil.” • “What a man can be, he must be.” • “The salvation of the human being is not to be found in either behaviorism or psychoanalysis. We must deal with the questions of value, individuality, consciousness, purpose, ethics and the higher reaches of human nature.”

  12. Summative Questions • Self-Actualized • T.J., A.L., Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, William James, Albert Schweitzer, Aldaous Huxley, Eleanor Roosevelt…. • Criticisms • Exceptions to hierarchical sequence • Determining Self-Actualized= subjective, bias • Only 2%??? • Legacy a. Psychology of fulfillment (transformed fundamental perspective) b. Spawned new forms of therapy c. Changed marketing forever

  13. Team Challenge 1. Assume you are a corporate manager charged with increasing employee motivation, thereby increasing worker production. Create at least two specific proposals for each stage of Maslow’s hierarchy that would help achieve this goal.

  14. And now…… • A Few Choice Commercials… With your team, decide what hierarchical need is being targeted in each of the following commercials.

  15. Aron Ralston • “Between a Rock and a Hard Place” • Which theory of Motivation? • Primarily physiological or psychological motivation? • Maslow’s Hierarchy? Explain.

  16. Physiology of Hunger • Glucose= blood sugar • Pancreas produces insulin / breaks down glucose (converts some to stored fat) • Stomach, liver, intestines: signal brain as to glucose level

  17. Hypothalamus • Neural switchboard • Helps govern endocrine system (regulates pituitary gland) • Linked to emotion • Directs eating, drinking, body temp. • Monitors levels of body’s appetite hormones

  18. Lateral Hypothalamus • Stimulates hunger • rat research • Stimulate: Well fed would eat • Destroy: Starving would not • Low glucose = orexin secretion (eating hormone)

  19. Lower-mid hypothalamus (Ventromedial) • Depresses hunger • Stimulation = stop eating • Destroy it = obesity (no brakes)

  20. Hormones / Chemicals and Hunger… • Ghrelin: hormone secreted by empty stomach (arouses hunger) • Gastric bypass surgery = less ghrelin • Leptin: chemical secreted by fat cells • suppresses hunger • PYY: Digestive hormone / suppresses hunger • Research to address obesity

  21. Theories on Hunger and Body Weight • Set Point: (weight thermostat) • Body adjusts to changes in food intake to maintain homeostasis (has a general, preset tendancy to maintain a certain body weight) • Less food = rise in hunger , fall in energy • 9 month study: ½ food intake, 25% set point • Set point outdated / “settling point” • Basal metabolic rate: energy expenditure at rest (metabolism)

  22. Hunger Motivation

  23. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa • Obsession with losing weight (15% or more) • Starts with weight-lost diet • Negative self-body image / perfectionist standards • Usually adolescents • Mothers who focus on own weight • Competitive, high-achieving families • 9 of 10: female • Genetic and cultural theories

  24. Eating Disorders • Bulimia Nervosa • Binge-Purge • Overeating, compensatory vomiting, laxative use, fasting, extreme exercise • Dieter breaks diet restrictions… • weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges (easy to hide) • Often sweet, high fat foods • Depression, anxiety • ½ of anorexia victims have bulimia symptoms

  25. Anorexia, Bulimia

  26. The Ideal of SlendernessDistorting Reality

  27. The Ideal of SlendernessDistorting Reality

  28. Exploring the gene-environment nexus in eating disorders, Cynthia M. Bulik

  29. Sexual Motivation • Sexual Response Cycle • Initial excitement • Plateau Phase • Orgasm • Resolution

  30. Sexual Motivation • How does the refractory period differ between genders? • How do men and women differ in their respective production of sexual hormones in relation to sexual reception, or drive? • Human sexual motivation: complex web of hormonal and psychological factors • What is the current conclusion in research concerning the environmental influence on sexual orientation?

  31. Work and Motivation Types of Occupations • Job: make money, but not fulfilling • Career: opportunity to advance (up the ladder) • Calling: fulfilling, socially useful activity • Identify two occupations for each category.

  32. Motivation at Work • Extrinsic motivation: • External motivators / from our environment • Intrinsic motivation: • internal motivators (interest, enjoyment, satisfaction- “from within”)

  33. Management and Motivation • Theory X • Philosophy of motivating employees by external rewards and punishments • Theory Y Philosophy that internal motivation is most efffective and policies should be designed to appeal to a worker’s intrinsic motivation.

  34. Theory X and Y Choose theory X or Y for the following questions. Consider jobs, careers and callings respectively for each. • Which is more realistic? • Which is a more effective management style? • Which would you pursue as a manager?

  35. Psychology in the Workplace • Industrial-Organizational psychology (fasting growing field of psychology) • Human factors: Optimizing person-machine interactions • Personnel Psychology (Individual focus) • Selection and placement • Training / developing employees • Appraising performance • Organizational Psychology (AKA I-O psychology) • behaviors and attitudes, hiring practices, training programs, (on an organizational basis as opposed to individual)

  36. When Motives Conflict • Approach-Approach conflict • Two desirable outcomes • Avoidance-Avoidance conflict • Two unattractive outcomes • Approach-Avoidance conflict • One event/goal: positive and negative features • Multiple Approach-avoidance conflicts • 2 or more things / each with desirable and undesirable features

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