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ECOLOGY

ECOLOGY. The Organization of Life. BASIC TERMINOLOGY. Organism – individual Population – group organisms Community – group interacting populations Ecosystem – specific geographic region where populations interact with one another & the environment. BASIC TERMINOLOGY.

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ECOLOGY

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  1. ECOLOGY The Organization of Life

  2. BASIC TERMINOLOGY • Organism – individual • Population – group organisms • Community – group interacting populations • Ecosystem – specific geographic region where populations interact with one another & the environment

  3. BASIC TERMINOLOGY • Habitat – where organism lives • Biosphere – portion earth supports life • Niche – organism’s role/job

  4. FACTORS IN ECOSYSTEM • ABIOTIC • Non-living • Sun • Water • Temperature • Air • Soil quality • Salinity • Weather • BIOTIC • Living • Plants • Animals • Bacteria • Fungi

  5. NICHES • Autotroph/producer • Makes own food • Green plants • Heterotroph/consumer • Gets energy from consuming other organisms • Animals, mushrooms

  6. NICHES • Herbivore • Eats plants • Omnivore • Eats both plants/animals • Carnivore • Eats meat

  7. NICHES • Scavenger • Eats carrion • dead material • Decomposer • Decays (breaks down) dead matter

  8. PREDATOR/PREY • Predator • hunter • Prey • hunted

  9. SYMBIOSIS • Commensalism • Long-term interaction of 2 organisms where: • 1 benefits • 1 unaffected

  10. SYMBIOSIS • Mutualism • Long term interaction where both species benefit

  11. SYMBIOSIS • Parasitism • Long term interaction where: • 1 species benefits • 1 species is harmed

  12. FOOD CHAIN • Shows transfer of energy

  13. FOOD WEB • Shows all relationships in ecosystem

  14. ENERGY OR BIOMASS PYRAMIDS

  15. SUCCESSION • Natural changes in an ecosystem over time

  16. PRIMARY SUCCESSION • Occurs in newly formed areas – never inhabited before • Newly formed islands • Cooled lava spills • After landslides (newly exposed surfaces)

  17. SECONDARY SUCCESSION • Occurs in previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged areas • Fires, natural disaster • Farming • Clear-cutting • Construction • Introduction foreign species

  18. PIONEER COMMUNITY • 1ST organisms inhabit an area • Gradual buildup from simple  more complex • Bacteria  simple producers & consumers  complex producers & consumers

  19. CLIMAX COMMUNITY • Stable & mature • Little change occurs • Large diversity of complex species

  20. Stages in Ecological Succession

  21. POPULATION DYNAMICS • Populations experience exponential growth

  22. POPULATION DYNAMICS Density Dependent Factors Density Independent Factors Not impacted by population Same affect regardless of population Natural disasters Weather patterns • Impacted by population • As population increases, the affects of these factors also increases • Disease • Competition • Predation • Reproduction

  23. LIFE HISTORY PATTERNS Rapid Slow Large Long life span Long gestation period Few offspring Increased parenting • Small • Short life span • Quick gestation period • Many offspring • Little parenting

  24. LIMITS ON POPULATIONS • Predation – eliminate slow, weaker species of group • Competition – survival of fittest, compete limited resources • Crowding – causes increases in stress • Causes decreases in fertility rates & parenting skills • Causes increase in hostility rates

  25. NUTRIENT CYCLES

  26. NUTRIENT CYCLES

  27. NUTRIENT CYCLES

  28. NUTRIENT CYCLES

  29. LIMITING FACTORS • Abiotic factors that restrict the survival of living things. • Used to separate/identify biomes • Geographic regions with unique characteristics • Examples: • Temperature • Precipitation • Oxygen • Salinity • Sunlight

  30. MARINE BIOME • Characteristics: high salinity (salt) • Location: oceans & seas • Vegetation: seaweed, kelp, • Animals: shrimp, jellyfish, shark, whales • Terms: • Photic zone – shallow (light pass thru) • Aphotic zone – deeper (no light)

  31. ESTUARY • Characteristics: tidal zone, range salinity • Location: bays, tidal zones, gulf region • Vegetation: grasses • Animals: birds, snails, clams, oysters, crabs, starfish • Terms: • Intertidal zone – area btw high & low tides

  32. FRESHWATER BIOME • Characteristics: little/no salinity • Location: lakes, streams, ponds, rivers • Vegetation: algae, cattails, grasses • Animals: fish, insects, crayfish, frogs • Terms: • Turbidity – moving water • More movement = more oxygen

  33. TUNDRA • Characteristics: treeless, long summers, little winter sun, poor soil • Location: Canada, Russia, Alaska • Vegetation: grasses, moss lichen • Animals: insects, fox, rodents, caribou, reindeer • Terms: • Permafrost – permanently frozen ground

  34. TAIGA • Characteristics: coniferous forest, poor soil, long severe winter • Location: Canada, N. Europe, N. Asia • Vegetation: pine, fir, hemlock, spruce • Animals: rabbits, lynx, caribou, moose, woodpecker

  35. TEMPERATE FOREST • Characteristics: deciduous trees, 4 seasons • Location: East US, Europe • Vegetation: Maple, Oak, Birch, Hickory • Animals: bear, deer, robins, raccoon • Terms: • Deciduous – trees lose leaves

  36. TROPICAL RAIN FOREST • Characteristics: warm, wet, humid, most diversity • Location: islands, equatorial regions • Vegetation: broad lush plants, flowers, vines, palms, fruit trees • Animals: monkey, sloth, frogs, snakes, parrots

  37. DESERT • Characteristics: dry & arid • Location: SW US, N. Africa, Middle East • Vegetation: cacti, creosote bushes • Animals: rodents, snakes, lizards, scorpions, turtles, hawks • Terms: • Succulent - cactus

  38. GRASSLANDS • Characteristics: ideal growing season, good soil quality, dry • Location: central regions • Vegetations: grass, grains, crops, wildflowers • Animals: bison, prairie dogs, birds, lions, elephants • Terms: • Prairie – US • Steppe – Russia • Savanna – Serengeti • Pampas - Argentina

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