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The Structure of Matter

The Structure of Matter. Matter – Anything that has mass and takes up space. Mass – The amount of matter in an object. Molecule – The smallest particle of a substance (such as water) that can still be identified as that substance. (Latin = little mass).

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The Structure of Matter

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  1. The Structure of Matter Matter – Anything that has mass and takes up space Mass – The amount of matter in an object

  2. Molecule – The smallest particle of a substance (such as water) that can still be identified as that substance (Latin = little mass) Ex. – 60 million H2O – diameter of a penny

  3. O Ex. All water molecules are the same H H -Once a molecule is divided it is no longer that substance H2 Not water O Not water Ex. H2O

  4. Physical & Chemical Properties of Matter Physical Properties – A characteristic of matter that can be observed by using any of your senses Ex. Hardness, density, melting pt. / boiling pt., State (solid, liquid, gas) Size, shape, color, odor, taste

  5. Physical & Chemical Properties of Matter Ex. Vinegar & baking soda Chemical Properties – A description of how one kind of matter behaves in the presence of another kind of matter. - When vinegar is added to baking soda, CO2 is produced

  6. States of Matter Yes Yes No Yes No No State Definite Shape Definite Volume Solid Liquid Gas Solid Liquid Gas http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/index.html

  7. http://www.juliethompson.com/science.html

  8. Solid

  9. Liquid

  10. Gas

  11. Plasma Ex. STARS (fusion) Plasma- State of matter where gas molecules have separated into electrically charged particles

  12. Physical & Chemical Changes Ex. Shape – crumpled paper Dissolving – Koolaid Changein State Physical Change- a change in which the form or appearance of matter changes but not its composition

  13. Physical Changes Freezing Melting Condensation Vaporization Deposition Sublimation Solid Liquid Gas - Only the MOTION of the molecules has changed!

  14. Chemical Changes Chemical Change – a change in which the composition of a substance changes Ex. Fireworks, Rust - causes a new substance to form.

  15. Chemical Changes - Color Changes Ex. Trees, apples, toast Signs of Chemical Changes Released – fire – heat, light Gained – cooking/cake - Energy

  16. Chemical Changes - Odor Ex. Rotten food Signs of Chemical Changes - Bubbles formed Ex. Vinegar + Baking soda Antacid

  17. Chemical Changes - Solid formed - Precipitate Ex. Sodium iodide = lead nitrate Signs of Chemical Changes - Not easily reversed Ex. Ice melting vs. Wood burning Chemical Physical VS. HARD EASY http://discover.edventures.com/functions/termlib.php?action=&alpha=A

  18. Anton Lavoisier – 18th Century - States that mass is neither created nor destroyed (and as a result, the mass of the substance before a physical or chemical change is equal to the mass of the substances present after the change) The LAW of Conservation of Mass- Ex. Apple cut up, candle burning

  19. Gases - The scientific principal that says that all matter is made of particles whose MOTION determines if the matter is solid, liquid, or gas The Kinetic Theory of Matter-

  20. -Each of the 3 states of matter is called a phase Yes Yes No Yes State Definite Shape Definite Volume Solid Liquid Gas No No

  21. 4 Properties of Gases 1. Gas molecules move VERY FAST -A gas is mostly empty space (large distance between gas molecules) - explained by the Kinetic theory of matter -Particles collide MANY times per second (particles are NOT affected by collisions) - No definite shape, they expand to fill all available space

  22. 2.Moving gas molecules cause pressure (All that moving and colliding into things causes a force to be applied) Pressure- The amount of force applied to a unit of area Ex. Balloon

  23. 3.Gases have NO definite volume -can be allowed to expand -This the pressure (fewer collisions) -can be crowded together -This the pressure (more collisions)

  24. 4.The temperature of a gas measures how fast molecules move Heat = in particle movement (particles tend to move further apart) - volume or the pressure Ex. Bicycle tire on a hot day - Heat = in particle movement

  25. Absolute Zero - -273 oC • No Kinetic Energy at absolute zero • Kelvin (K) Temperature scale - • A temperature scale on which zero is equal to absolute zero The Temperature at which particles of matter stop moving

  26. GAS LAWS! Pressure = Volume Pressure = Volume No Temperature change Boyle’s Law

  27. Ex. The air in a balloon occupies a space of 1000mL and has a pressure of 5 N/cm2. When Gary grabs the balloon the pressure increases to 10 N/cm2. What is the new volume of the balloon? V1. P1 = V2. P2 V1= V2= P2= P2=

  28. V1= 1000mL V2= ? mL P1= 5 N/cm2 P2=10N/cm2 1000 . 5 = V2.10 V1. P1 = V2. P2 5000 = V2.10 5000= V2.10 10 = 10 500 = V2 V2 = 500 mL

  29. GAS LAWS! Temperature = Volume Temperature= Volume Charle’s Law V1. T2 = V2. T1 http://www.delta.edu/slime/cancrush.html

  30. V1. T2 = V2. T1 Charle’s Law 30oC ? mL 30mL 10oC V1= V2= T2= T1= 30mL ? mL 10oC 30oC

  31. 30oC Charle’s Law ? mL 30mL V1. T2 = V2. T1 V1= V2= T2= T1= 30mL ? mL 30oC 10oC 30 . 30 = V2. 10 10oC 900 = V2. 10 10 10 V2 =90mL 90 = V2

  32. Solids & Liquids (the molecules stay in a fixed patteren) Ex. crystal Solids- A piece of solid matter cannot change shape by itself

  33. Crystal- A solid whose orderly arrangement of particles gives it a regular shape - The shape(of the crystal)is determined by the way the particles are arranged -Almost all solids are made of crystals Ex. salt (different crystals break in different ways)

  34. Super cooled liquids- Solids that have been cooled soooooo quickly that they have NO crystal pattern Ex. Volcanic glass -Almost all solids are made of crystals

  35. Liquids- molecules (can move from one place to another) have NO fixed pattern. -Can flow (change shape) - when not moving it will have a level surface

  36. Change to a Liquid - Motion / Temp - particles can’t stay in crystal pattern -Heat is added (to a solid)

  37. Change to a Liquid - each crystalline solid has its own melting point Mercury = -39 oC Salt = 801 oC Sugar = 186 oC Water = 0 oC Melting point- the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid

  38. Change to a Liquid (at the same temp no temp change) Heat of fusion- the amount of heat required to change 1 gram of solid to a liquid - the energy used to break the crystalline structure

  39. Sublimation Ex. Dry ice - Changing from a Solid Gas

  40. Change to a Gas Ex. Water evaporation - In most liquids (at ordinary Temps.) Some molecules have enough energy to (escape and) become a gas Heat = evaporation

  41. Boiling point –The Temp (at ordinary pressure) at which the molecules of a liquid have enough energy to become a gas

  42. Exact boiling point depends on: 2. Pressure of the air 1. Energy needed to make particles separate pressure = boiling point pressure = boiling point - Water (at normal pressure) will never be hotter than 100oC

  43. Heat of Vaporization- The amount of heat required to change 1 gram of liquid to a gas (No temperature change) http://www.chem4kids.com/index.html

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