AP Psychology Test Review

1. AP Psychology Test Review Learning and Conditioning

2. 25 Once Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning fork was a(n): • Unconditioned stimulus • Neutral stimulus • Conditioned stimulus • Responsive Stimulus • Conditioned response

3. 25 Shaping is: • A pattern of responses that must be made before classical conditioning is completed • Rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal behavior • Completing a set of behaviors in succession before a reward is given • Giving you chocolate pudding to increase the likelihood you will eat more carrots • Inhibition of new learning by previous learning

4. 25 Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in vending machines to get bananas. The tokens acted as: • Primary reinforcers • Classical conditioning • Secondary reinforcers • Negative reinforcers • Unconditined reinforcers

5. 25 Jamel got very sick after eating some peppers on a pizza at his friend’s house. He didn’t know that he had a stomach virus at the time, blamed his illness on peppers, and refused to eat them again. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus for his taste aversion to peppers? • Pizza • Stomach virus • Peppers • Headache • Aversion to peppers

6. 25 While readying to take a free-throw shot, you suddenly arrive at the answer to a chemistry problem you’d been working on several hours before. This is an example of: • Insight • Backward conditioning • Latent learning • Discrimination • The Premack Principle

7. Participant Scores

8. 25 Latent learning is best described by which of the following: • Innate responses of an organism preventing new learning and associations • Unconscious meaning that is attributed to new response patterns • Response patterns that become extinguished gradually over time • Delayed responses that occur when new stimuli are paired with familiar ones • Learning that occurs in the absence of rewards

9. 25 Spontaneous recovery refers to the: • Extinction of a previously learned behavior • Disappearance of a previously extinguished US after a rest period • Return of a behavior after a conditioning phase has ended • Tendency of newly acquired responses to be intermittent at first • Organism’s tendency to forget previously learned responses, but to relearn them more quickly during a second training period

10. 25 Which of the following would be an example of learning? • A newborn infant sucks on a bottle filled with milk • A teenager falls asleep after staying after for 96 hours • A rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet • A patient clenches his teeth when he sees the dentist’s drill, even though he has never had a tooth filled • A student jumps when she hears someone drop a book in the library stacks

11. 25 An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus that: • Triggers a learned response • Is based upon its association with another unconditioned stimulus • Provides positive or negative reinforcement • Naturally elicits a reflexive behavior • Inhibits previously learned behavior

12. 25 The initial learning stage in classical conditioning in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus is known as: • Prompting • Trial and error learning • Acquisition • Insight learning • Shaping

13. Participant Scores

14. 25 Which one of the following poses a problem for classical conditioning theory? • Conditioning usually occurs gradually • Experimental nervosis • Taste aversions are learned through observation • Taste aversions are generalizable • Taste aversions develop after a long time delay between the CS and the UCS

15. 25 These are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors: • Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes • Successive approximations • Rewards and Punishments • Conditioned and unconditioned stimuli • Discrimination and generalization

16. 25 Negative and positive reinforcers are similar in that these always ______ the likelihood of ensuing responses. • Decrease • Increase • Extinguish • Eliminate • Have no effect on

17. 25 The Premack principle states that: • A preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred one • In order to be effective, reinforcement must be unpredictable • Reinforcement is more effective than punishment • Punishment must be used consistently and immediately • Using two types of punishment works better than using only one

18. 25 Which of the following is true of punishment? • Punishment may involve the application of an aversive stimulus • Punishment must be used consistently in order to be effective • Aggression may be produced by punishment • Punishment interferes with the learning of new and better behaviors • All of the above are correct

19. Participant Scores

20. 25 Your brother comes home after curfew and is grounded by your parents. In the future, you come home on time. This type of learning is best explained by: • Social learning • Insight learning • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Vicarious trial and error

21. 25 _______ reported that watching violent behaviors makes children more likely to behave violently. • Watson • Thorndike • Tolman • Bandura • Garcia

22. 25 Which of the following proved to be difficult to explain in purely behavioral terms? • A child learning to read by receiving rewards • A pigeon learning to press a lever in a Skinner box for a food reward • A chimpanzee using a pile of boxes and a stick to obtain food hung high in its cage • A dog salivating at the sound of a bell • A trained seal doing a trick for a fish

23. 25 Operant conditioning, in contrast with classical conditioning, emphasizes events (such as rewards and punishments) that occur: • After the behavior • Concurrently with another response • At the same time as another stimulus • During the behavior • Before the behavior

24. 25 Which of the following best reflects negative reinforcement? • Teresa is scolded when she runs through the house yelling • Lina is not allowed to watch television until after she has finished her homework • Alan is praised for having the best essay in the class • Greg changes his math class so he doesn’t have to see his old girlfriend • Alex takes the wrong medicine and gets violently ill afterwards

25. Participant Scores