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Introduction to Science

Introduction to Science. Theories & Laws. Scientific Theory Explanation that has been tested by repeated observations (experiments) Constantly questioned and must pass three tests 1) Theories must explain observations simply & clearly

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Introduction to Science

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  1. Introduction to Science

  2. Theories & Laws • Scientific Theory • Explanation that has been tested by repeated observations (experiments) • Constantly questioned and must pass three tests • 1) Theories must explain observations simply & clearly • 2) Experiments that illustrate the theory must be repeatable • 3) You must be able to predict from a theory

  3. Scientific law • States a repeated observation about nature • *** Theories and Laws are NOT absolute ***

  4. Measurement • Use a standard system of units called the SI units • A decimal system (0.0) that uses the number 10 as a base unit

  5. SI prefixes are use for very large and very small measurements • They are all multiples of ten

  6. Measurement • Length • SI unit is the meter (m) • Divided into 100 equal parts called the centimeter (cm) • One cm would be 1/100 of 1m • One millimeter (mm) is 1/10 of 1cm • One kilometer = 1000 m

  7. Mass • The amount of matter in an object • The mass is ALWAYS the same no matter where the object is in the Universe • SI unit is the kilogram (kg) • (how many grams?)

  8. Weight • Measure of the gravitational force on an object • Weight will vary (weight on moon is 1/6th of Earth) • The SI unit is the Newton (n)

  9. Area • Require a combination of SI units • Area is the amount of surface included within a set of boundaries (length x width) • Area uses the square units of length m2

  10. Volume • Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object • The unit of volume is the cubic meter m3 • Fluids use milliliter (mL) or liters (L) • 1 cm3 = 1 mL

  11. Density • The amount of matter that occupies a given space • Found by dividing the mass by its volume • Expressed by: • Grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) • Grams per milliliter (g/mL) • Kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3)

  12. Time • Interval between two events • SI unit is the second

  13. Temperature • Measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a material • Particles that vibrate quickly have higher temperatures • Scientists often uses Celsius (C) • Water freezes at 0C and boils at 100C • Conversion to F = multiply by 1.8 and add 32

  14. Temperature Contd. • SI unit for temperature is Kelvin (K) • The coldest possible temperature is absolute zero = 0K or -273C • The difference is to simply subtract 273 from the K temperature to get the Celsius temperature

  15. More practice • Conversion of F to C --> • (F-32) x 5/9 or (F-32) /1.8

  16. Scientific Notation • Some numbers are too small or too large to write out • Scientific notation allows the number to be expressed as a value between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10 • The power of 10 tells you the number of places the decimal point must be shifted so that only one digit remains to the left of the decimal point

  17. If the decimal point is to be shifted to the left, then the exponent of 10 is positive • Examples: • The number of grains of sand on Earth = 4,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.00  Can be written as 4 x 1021 • Earth’s mass is 5,974,200,000,000,000,000,000,000  Can be written as 5.9742 x 1024

  18. If the decimal must be shifted toward the right, then the exponent will be negative • Example: • The diameter of an atom is 0.0000000001 m  Can be written as 1 x 10-10

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