American Revolution Background

1. American RevolutionBackground Chapter 7 P. 121-141 The Road to Revolution 1763-1775

2. DVD • Founding Fathers Volume 1 • Rebels with a Cause • Taking Liberties

3. Colonization1500-1700 Spanish French Britain

4. Early European Settlements • 1565 Spanish—St. Augustine, Florida • 1605 French—Port Royal in Nova Scotia • 1607 British—Jamestown, Virginia • 1608 French—Quebec, Canada • 1620 British—Plymouth, Massachusetts • 1634 British—Maryland • 1663 French—New France • 1682 British—William Penn settles Pennsylvania

5. Waldseemüller Map 1507 Martin Waldseemüller, a German mapmaker, was the first person to designate the newly discovered southern continent as "America." He named the continent after Amerigo Vespucci, the Italian explorer who realized that he had reached a "new world" rather than islands off the coast of Asia.

6. European Explorations in America In the century following Columbus' voyages, European adventurers explored the coasts and parts of the interior of North and South America.

7. Major Transatlantic Explorations 1000-1587 Following Columbus' 1492 voyage, Spain's rivals soon began laying claim to parts of the New World based on the voyages of Cabot for England, Cabral for Portugal, and Verrazano for France. Later English and French exploration focused on finding a passage to Asia around or through Canada.

8. Spain’s Golden Age1550-1650 • Brilliance in art and literature • King Philip II founded academies of science and mathematics • El Greco • Religious paintings • Views of the city of Toledo • Portraits of Spanish nobles • Miguel de Cervantes • Don Quixote/first modern novel in Europe

9. Rivalry in Europe • Catholic Spain—King Philip II • Wealthiest and most powerful nation • Battled the Protestant Dutch • To end English attacks and subdue the Dutch launched a huge armada to carry an invasion to England • Protestant England—Queen Elizabeth I • Encourage English captains to plunder Spanish ships • Sir Francis Drake looted Spanish cities in the Americas • Rewarded by Elizabeth with a knighthood • Openly supported the Dutch against Spain

10. Invading EnglandDefeat of the Spanish Armada 1588 • King Philip II • To end English attacks and control the Dutch • Prepared huge armada • 130 ships • 20,000 men • 2,400 pieces of artillery • Confident of victory • English Channel • Sudden, savage storm scattered the armada • Lumbering Spanish ships

11. Defeat of the Spanish Armada1588

12. Results of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588 • Spanish power and prosperity slowly declined • Britain emerged as the leading naval power • Dutch and French fleets challenged Spain

14. Founding America Revolutionary Thought Mercantilism Triangular trade Navigation Acts 1650-1763

16. France's American Empire at Its Greatest Extent 1700 British Territory After Two Wars 1713

18. Colonial Trade Patterns c. 1770

19. Atlantic Trade Routes By the late seventeenth century, an elaborate trade network linked the countries and colonies bordering the Atlantic Ocean. The most valuable commodities exchanged were enslaved people and the products of slave labor.

20. European Colonization c. 1650

21. Immigration and British Colonial Expansion to 1755

22. The European Empires in Eighteenth-Century America This map shows the colonization of the Americas and the Philippines by three rival powers. It is clear from the map why British colonists felt vulnerable to attack by England's archenemies, France and Spain, until English victory in the French and Indian War in 1763.

23. The Anglo-American Colonies in the Early Eighteenth Century By the early eighteenth century, the English colonies nominally dominated the Atlantic coastline of North America. But the colonies' formal boundary lines are deceiving because the western reaches of each colony were still largely unfamiliar to Europeans and because much of the land was still inhabited by Native Americans.

24. New England Colonies Massachusetts Connecticut Rhode Island New Hampshire The most densely settled region of the mainland was New England, where English settlements and Indian villages existed side by side.

25. The Middle Colonies This map shows the major towns, cities, and forts in the colonies of New York Pennsylvania Delaware New Jersey. Prosperity was based on the thriving commerce of its largest cities, Philadelphia and New York, and on the commercial production of wheat.

26. The Settlements of the Lower South Towns and fortifications of North Carolina South Carolina Georgia as well as the overlapping claims by the Spanish and the English to the territory south and west of Fort King George. The many Georgia forts reflect that colony's role as a buffer state between rice-rich South Carolina and the Spanish troops stationed in Florida

28. English Settlements • From the beginning English settlements differed from Spain and France • English came in great numbers • Founded 13 colonies by 1733 • 1607 Virginia • 1620 Massachusetts • 1623 New Hampshire • 1626 New York • 1634 Maryland • 1636 Connecticut • 1636 Rhode Island • 1638 Delaware • 1653 North Carolina • 1663 South Carolina • 1664 New Jersey • 1682 Pennsylvania • 1733 Georgia • Thousands migrated lured by economic, religious and political factors • Re-created the English way of life

30. AmericaA Revolutionary Force • To emigrate was to rebel • Boston—3,000 miles to London • Six to eight weeks to cross Atlantic • Crossing left emotional scars • Distance weakens authority • Great distance weakens authority greatly • American environment itself further nurtured independence • New world • All shared common belief regardless of why they came • Authorities in Britain fundamentally different from them • Thus unfit to tell them what to do • Not intimidated by British Parliament • Colonists set up thirteen “parliaments” of their own • Felt their assemblies were equal to Whitehall • Over a century and half a new people were born

31. Colonial Settlement • 1607 Jamestown, Virginia • First permanent English settlement in the New World • 1620 Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts • Mayflower • Pilgrims • Founding was haphazard • Trading companies • Religious groups • Land speculators Plymouth Colony Carefully Restored

33. Fur-Trading Posts

34. Mercantilism1600-1750 • Economic policy • Wealth equals power • Measured by gold and silver in the treasury • Colonies needed to supply • Raw materials and • Markets for exports • Britain naval supremacy • America furnished ships, stores, sailors, trade Triangular trade

35. Mercantilism 1600-1750

36. Triangular Trade

37. Under mercantilism 1600-1750 • Southern colonies became “pets” • Tobacco, sugar, rice • Virginia angry that Britain made them sell their tobacco to Britain exclusively • Tobacco prices dropped • Virginia forced to mortgage future crops to buy necessities in Britain • New England seeds of revolution • Debasing to colonies • Felt like they were being kept in a state of economic adolescence

38. Elements of mercantilismEndure today • Protective tariffs • Manufacturers, workers, farmers seek • Government tries to enhance national security by prohibiting export of high technology with possible military application

39. Navigation Acts 1650-1763 • British laws to enforce mercantilism • First act was to eliminate Dutch shippers from American trade • Colonists could ship their products onlyon British ships • Helped bolster British and colonial merchant marine • Kept money in the empire • Goods heading to America had to pass through England • Colonists had to export certain enumerated goods to Great Britain • Tobacco had to go to England NOT to any other foreign markets • Even if could get more money from other country • Restrictions on what Americans could produce • No woolen cloth • No beaver hats • No competition from colonies • Colonists could only buy British manufactured goods

40. British policy before the French and Indian War 1754-1763 • Salutary neglect (beneficial neglect) • Navigation Acts 1650-1660 • Laxly enforced • Mostly ignored • Colonists learned to disregard or evade restrictions • John Hancock engaged in smuggling/ “King of Smugglers” • Virginia tobacco guaranteed a monopoly of the British market • After 1763 things changed • No banks allowed in the colonies • Barter • Currency—a problem

41. North America Before 1754

42. European Claims in North America The dramatic results of the British victory in the (Seven Years) French and Indian War are vividly demonstrated in these maps, which depict the abandonment of French claims to the mainland after the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

43. North America After 1763 (after French losses)

44. Conflict over the Ohio Valley Began the French and Indian War 1754-1763 • Valuable to both the French and the British • 1749 French were building a fortress at the intersection of the Monongahela River, the Allegheny River and the Ohio River- Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh) • 1754 The Royal governor sent George Washington as a surveyor and a lieutenant colonel of the Virginia militia • Washington fired upon the troops 40 miles from the fort killing the French commander • July 4, 1774 French retaliated at Ft. Necessity where Washington was forced to retreat • This conflict was the beginning of the French and Indian War or Seven Years’ War

45. Events of 1755–1760

46. French and Indian War 1754-1763

47. George Washington Earliest authenticated portrait of him wearing his colonel's uniform of the Virginia Regiment from the French and Indian War. Portrait was painted years after the war, in 1772

48. Treaty of Paris 1763 • Great Britain received all of New France east of the Mississippi river (except New Orleans) • France had to give Spain (its former ally) all of the trading posts along the Mississippi and New Orleans • Spain traded Spanish Florida to the British in exchange for Cuba which Britain had won during the war • France was allowed to keep their sugar islands in the West Indies

49. Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763 • After the Treaty of Paris in 1763 Indian tribes were furious that their land was being granted to Great Britain • (The French had been giving the Indian tribes “gifts” food, supplies, arms in exchange for the peaceful use of their land for the fur trade and for their loyalty against other European powers) • Instead, the British demanded that the Indians live with the British without “charity” • Spring of 1763 Ottawa Chief Pontiac led several tribes on a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio Country • Tribes • Captured most of the British forts around the Great Lakes and in the Ohio Valley • Raided colonial settlements in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia • Destroyed hundreds of homesteads and killed several thousand people • While the Indians were attacking Ft. Pitt (formerly Ft. Duquesne) British General Amherst approved the distribution of smallpox-infested blankets and handkerchiefs from the fort’s hospital to the Indians

50. Results of Pontiac’s Rebellion • After the Indian attacks, American colonists became convinced that all Indians must be removed • British government realized that it had to make peace with the Indians on the Western frontier • British decided that they would have to put troops on the frontier and the colonists would have to pay for them. • Thus the Proclamation Line of 1763